西方古典家具史论（七）——中世纪哥特式家具（上）

欧洲的中世纪经历了约十个世纪(6-16世纪)的时间。这期间由于宗教、战争、商贸、古典文化及东方艺术等多方面因素的影响,使得家具呈现出各种形态特点。除前几篇论及拜占庭和仿罗马风格外,中世纪影响最为深远的家具风格就是哥特式。哥特式家具种类不多,造型简单朴实,虽结构牢固但不够精致。它在外形、装饰细节等方面都受到哥特式建筑的影响,造型以垂直线为特色。丰富的织物为其增色不少,同时金属件作为功能件及装饰件开始在家具中应用。本文分别介绍中世纪时期的英国、法国、意大利等国的哥特式家具类型及各自的风格特点。     

Biomethane production from different crop systems of cereals in Northern Italy

Global warming is linked to the reduction of green house gas emissions (GHG). The anaerobic digestion of animal manure and energy crops is a promising way of reducing GHG emissions.The increasing number of biogas plants involves a high consumption of energy crops and the needed of big agricultural area. In Italy, cereals silages are the main feedstock for biogas production and are commonly grown under two different crop systems: single crop (only maize) and double crops (maize later winter cereals).In this paper we present the results of experimental field tests carried out by monitoring the anaerobic biomethane potential (BMP) of different cereals silages commonly grown in the Padanian Plan.A laboratory device has been developed to measure the specific biomethane production of the different cereal silages. The different energy crops have been evaluated, in single and double crop systems, expressing the biomethane production per hectare.The maize hybrids show higher specific biomethane potentials respect to winter cereals. Maize FAO class 700 achieves the highest production per hectare as a single crop. Nevertheless, the highest biomethane productions per hectare are reached with double crop system in particular when maize FAO class 500 follows triticale (+12% respect the best single crop system).     

Numerical Modeling of Site Effects at San Giuliano di Puglia (Southern Italy) during the 2002 Molise Seismic Sequence

The seismic sequence that occurred in October and November 2002 in the Molise region (Southern Italy) was characterized by two Mw = 5.7 earthquakes within 24 h followed by one month long aftershocks series. The mainshocks caused substantial structural damage in the village of San Giuliano di Puglia. The damage distribution was highly non uniform. Heavy and widespread damage was observed to all buildings constructed in the recently developed part of the village, where subsoil conditions are characterized by a bowl-shaped basin filled with stiff clays, whereas in the historical center, built on an adjacent rock outcrop, many buildings showed no or light damage. Several accelerograms were recorded during the aftershocks sequence by a temporary network installed on two sites in the San Giuliano village, located on rock and soil, respectively. The geological, seismological, geotechnical, and structural relevant information of the earthquakes are presented in the first part of the paper. The second part of the paper investigates the possible role of site effects in the observed pattern of damage by one-dimensional (1D) and two-dimensional (2D) numerical site response analyses. First, the computed ground surface motions were compared to the aftershocks recordings. It was found that 1D analyses considerably underpredicted dynamic response while 2D modeling provided a better understanding of the amplification phenomena. Further, based on the calibration site response study performed with the aftershock records, the ground response simulation of October 31, 2002, mainshock was carried out. The results of 2D numerical analyses led to average ground surface motion characteristics consistent with the observed distribution of damage throughout the village.     

Institutionalizing EU strategic spatial planning into domestic planning systems: trajectories of change in Italy and England

ABSTRACT

This paper proposes approaching the emergence and evolution of the Europeanization of national planning using conceptual frameworks from historical institutionalism in order to shed light on the mechanisms and trajectories of domestic change arising from the influence of EU strategic planning. It seeks in particular to examine Europeanization in terms of the extent to which EU spatial planning has become a driving force for institutional changes in very different national planning systems. Returning to the changes that occurred in the Italian and English planning systems in the last two decades, the author provides insight into the attempts to insert and transpose EU spatial planning concepts and instruments into domestic systems, dealing with path dependency and European influence. By reading these processes from a historical institutionalist perspective, the paper aims to enhance understanding of the relative influence of European spatial planning on national planning systems, identifying mechanisms and trajectories of domestic change in different planning systems. Key findings concern the diverse modes and degree of institutionalization of EU strategic spatial planning, examining tendencies to replace the status quo through displacements in England and to progress through a path-dependent trajectory in Italy.     

天津市意大利租界民族路片区改造分析

有历史的城市,见证历史的就是城市本身。天津是一座特殊的城市,历史原因遗留下来的各国租界地形成了天津市近现代历史建筑的多样化。分析了现今天津保留的意大利街区,通过街道场所理论,对比意大利本土建筑设计方法,探讨意租界修复与改造的利弊。意租界独特的建筑样式、街区模式及人文氛围为改造工程带来了矛盾与创新的挑战。     

Natural Methods of Interaction Or Natural Interaction in the Everyday Digital World

Computers, mobiles and automatised machines are so omnipresent that the means by which we interact with digital devices is now generally regarded as a given. Italian practice iO Agency, though, questions our use of mechanised interfaces and the language that they require us to learn. Valentina Croci explains how iO Agency has developed more natural ways for people to interact with digital environments through physical or tactile ‘triggers’. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Passive adaptation or active engagement? The challenges of Housing First internationally and in the Italian case

In recent years, a peculiar homelessness policy that goes under the name of ‘Housing First’ has become increasingly popular all over the world. Epitomising a quintessential case of policy-mobility, Housing First can today be considered an heterogeneous assemblage of experiences and approaches that sometimes have little in common with each other. Introducing and commenting upon this heterogeneity, the paper critically analyses why and how Housing First has become a planetary success and what are the issues at stake with its widespread implementation. If recent scholarship published in this journal has granted us a fine understanding of Housing First’s functioning in the US, this paper offers something currently absent from the debate: a nuanced and critical understanding of the ambiguities related to the international success of this policy, with specific references to the challenges associated to its translation in the Italian case.     

法西斯政权下的意大利公共住房政策和建设实践

本文讨论了在墨索里尼集权统治下意大利公共住房政策的演变,以及米兰的公共住房建设实践的特点,提出国家住房政策往往会受多方面因素影响。