Fuel properties of blend and biodiesel generated from acid oil using whole cell biocatalyst

Biodiesel was generated through whole cell catalyzed transesterification of acid oil, to the extent of up to 92%. The fuel properties of biodiesel (B100) and its blend (B20) were determined and compared with standard biodiesel as per American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) standard (ASTM D6751). B100 and B20 showed good pour point of ?26°C and ?29°C, respectively, indicating their operation viability in colder environment. Other properties of biodiesel are quite similar to petroleum diesel and ASTM standard. The results of this study reveal the potential use of acid oil as feedstock for generation of fuel grade biodiesel through biocatalyzed transesterification.     

Jet range hydrocarbons converted from microalgal biodiesel over mesoporous zeolite-based catalysts

In order to produce jet biofuel from lipids derived from microalgal biomass, lower-viscosity and smaller-molecular microalgal biodiesel was converted into jet range hydrocarbons over four mesoporous zeolite-based catalysts decorated with nickel. Ni/Meso-Y catalyst exhibited a high selectivity (44.5%) of jet range alkane (C₈C₁₆) from light microalgal biodiesel. The conversion pathway of light microalgal biodiesel to jet range hydrocarbons was proposed that majority of fatty acids first deoxygenated to C₁₅C₁₆ through decarbonylation and then long chain alkane cracked into short chain alkane. The other fatty acids first cracked into short chain acids and then further deoxygenated through decarbonylation to jet range alkane, in which a part of alkane converted to aromatic hydrocarbons through aromatization. Meso-Y catalyst was suitable for conversion of heavy microalgal biodiesel to jet range hydrocarbons with low selectivity (4.47%) of aromatic hydrocarbons, but the other three catalysts (Meso-HZSM-5, Meso-Hbeta and SAPO-34) gave high aromatic hydrocarbons selectivity.     

Effect of hydroxy and hydrogen gas addition on diesel engine fuelled with microalgae biodiesel

Owing to high growth rate, being non-edible, and environmental friendliness; microalgae is a promising third generation biodiesel raw material. In this study, hydrogen and hydroxy gas aspirated compression ignition engine which was fuelled with microalgae biodiesel and low sulphur diesel fuel blend were investigated in order to evaluate their combined effect. The results showed that the brake power and torque output of the test engine decreased with microalgae biodiesel usage. Moreover, microalgae biodiesel addition results in lower carbon monoxide and nitrogen oxides emissions, and higher carbon dioxide. The introduction of hydrogen and hydroxy gas compensated the decrement of torque and power output and increment of carbon dioxide emission. The study enlightened that usage of microalgae biodiesel with hydrogen and hydroxy gas addition is a very promising combination from the environmental viewpoint.     

Biodegradation of Jatropha curcas phorbol esters in soil

BACKGROUND: Jatropha curcas seed cake is generated as a by‐product during biodiesel production. Seed cake containing toxic phorbol esters (PEs) is currently used as a fertiliser and thus it is of eco‐toxicological concern. In the present study the fate of PEs in soil was studied. RESULTS: Two approaches for the incorporation of PEs in soil were used. In the first, silica was bound to PEs, and in the second, seedcake was used. At day 0, the concentration of PEs in soil was 2.6 and 0.37 mg g^?1 for approach 1 and 2 respectively. PEs from silica bound PEs were completely degraded after 19, 12, 12 days (at 130 g kg^?1 moisture) and after 17, 9, 9 days (at 230 g kg^?1 moisture) at room temperature, 32 °C and 42 °C respectively. Similarly at these temperatures PEs from seed cake were degraded after 21, 17 and 17 days (at 130 g kg^?1 moisture) and after 23, 17, and 15 days (at 230 g kg^?1 moisture). Increase in temperature and moisture increased rate of PEs degradation. Using the snail (Physa fontinalis) bioassay, mortality by PE‐amended soil extracts decreased with the decrease in PE concentration in soil. CONCLUSION: Jatropha PEs are biodegradable. The degraded products are innocuous. Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry     

生物柴油生产废渣中植物甾醇的提取研究

以酶法生产生物柴油的废渣为原料,通过预处理、深度皂化、溶剂提取可得到天然植物甾醇。研究结果表明,1 mol/L KOH乙醇溶液体积与原料质量比为10∶1,皂化时间为5 h,皂化温度为80℃,正己烷体积与原料质量比为40∶1的条件下,粗植物甾醇的提取率和纯度分别为95.0%和50.1%。粗甾醇经无水乙醇重结晶2次后,其纯度可达90.13%。     

生物柴油微波裂解脱羧制备烃类燃料的研究

本文以生物柴油为原料制备生物柴油钠皂,在不同微波反应条件下,研究了空气和氩气中对生物柴油钠皂裂解脱羧的影响。对液体烃类裂解产物进行GC–MS分析,不加入催化剂,空气中裂解主产物为长链烯烃,氩气中为短链烯烃;加入催化剂,空气和氩气条件下主产物均为短链烯烃。研究结果表明,微波优先裂解极性羧基端,然后裂解C=C双键附近的C–C单键;氧气能够加快脱羧反应的速率;催化剂促进C=C双键附近C–C单键的断裂并促进芳香烃的生成。     

Hydroprocessing of Jatropha oil over NiMoCe/Al2O3 catalyst

The non-sulfided NiMoCe/Al₂O₃ catalyst was developed to produce green diesel from the hydroprocessing of Jatropha oil. The NiMoCe/Al₂O₃ catalysts were prepared by impregnation and characterized by N₂-BET, SEM, XRD and TPD-H_ads techniques. The straight chain alkanes ranging from C15 to C18 were the main components in product oil. The maximum yield of C15-C18 alkanes of 80%, selectivity of 90% and conversion of 89% were obtained at 370 °C, 3.5 MPa and 0.9 h⁻¹. Influence of reaction temperature (280–400 °C) and reaction time (10–163 h) on the composition of product oil were discussed. The experimental results demonstrated that a suitable amount of metal Ce doping on the NiMo/Al₂O₃ catalyst presented stable catalytic performance and enhanced Jatropha oil conversion as well as C15-C18 fraction selectivity.     

酯交换法制备生物柴油研究进展

生物柴油是一种发展迅速的可再生能源,它可以作为传统石化柴油的良好替代品。动植物油、废弃食用油和植物油精炼皂脚都可以作为原料来制备生物柴油。酯交换法是最常用的生物柴油制备方法,目前根据选用催化剂的不同酯交换法又可以分为均相催化法、非均相催化法、脂肪酶法以及超临界法。均相催化法已经研究的比较成熟,广泛应用于工业化生产。非均相催化法、脂肪酶法可以较好地解决催化剂与产品的分离问题,是目前的研究热点。超临界法对原料要求较低,后处理过程简单,有较大的发展潜力。     

棉籽油乙二醇甲醚酯新型生物柴油的合成

以棉籽油和乙二醇甲醚为原料,KOH为催化剂合成出一种含氧量更高的新型生物柴油。采用正交试验,研究了醇油比、催化剂用量、温度和反应时间四种因素对产物产率的影响,得出了最佳合成条件。运用红外光谱法、核磁共振法、凝胶渗透色谱法对产物结构进行了表征。柴油机台架试验表明,燃烧该新型生物柴油可大幅度减少柴油机的废气排放。