Effects of surface track potential on secondary electron emission and surface stopping power

In ion-surface scattering a positive surface track potential is induced on the surface behind the projectile due to ionizing collisions. The surface track potential is expected to affect secondary electron emission as well as the energy loss process of the projectile ions. We measure secondary electron yield induced by 0.5 MeV/u H⁺, He²⁺, Li²⁺ and B³⁺ ions during grazing angle scattering at a KCl(0 0 1) surface. The position-dependent secondary electron production rate was derived from the observed secondary electron yield. The secondary electron production rate is normalized by the mean square charge of the reflected ions. The normalized rate decreases with Z₁ suggesting that the surface track potential recapture the secondary electrons. We also measure the energy losses of 0.5 MeV/u H⁺, He²⁺, Li²⁺, B³⁺ and C⁴⁺ ions during grazing angle scattering at a KCl(0 0 1) surface. The observed result suggests that the surface stopping power is reduced by the surface track potential.     

盐溶液对膨润土-砂混合物膨胀性能的影响

利用自制固结仪,开展膨润土-砂混合物在蒸馏水及不同浓度的NaCl、KCl和CaCl₂溶液下的膨胀变形试验,研究盐溶液浓度和阳离子交换反应对混合物膨胀变形的影响。试验表明,试样在蒸馏水与不同浓度的NaCl溶液下可用同一条e_m-p_e曲线表示,表明NaCl主要通过渗透吸力的作用影响混合物的膨胀变形。K⁺、Ca²⁺主要通过置换吸附在钠基膨润土表面的Na⁺,使得膨胀性能减弱,因此NaCl溶液的抑制性小于KCl和CaCl₂。值得关注的是,膨润土-砂混合物在KCl与CaCl₂溶液下随浓度的变化产生了不同的膨胀变形规律。当浓度为0.1 mol/L时,由于同浓度下CaCl₂溶液中的总离子浓度大于KCl,从而通过渗透吸力的提高增大了有效应力,此时CaCl₂的抑制效果强于KCl;而浓度在0.5 mol/L时,CaCl₂的抑制效果弱于KCl,因为此时溶液中离子浓度较高,一方面K⁺可以充分置换吸附在膨润土表面的Na⁺;另一方面K⁺更容易嵌入相邻晶层间硅氧四面体中氧原子形成的孔穴里,使得相邻晶层连接起来,导致水分子不易进入层间,无法正常吸水,从而明显地抑制了膨胀变形。     

Electrochemical behavior and electrolytic preparation of lead in eutectic NaCl−KCl melts

A novel molten salt extraction process consisting of chlorination roasting and molten salt electrolysis was proposed to develop a more efficient and environmental friendly technology for recovering lead from spent lead acid batteries (LABs). The feasibility of this process was firstly assessed based on thermodynamics fundamentals. The electrochemical behavior of Pb(II) on a tungsten electrode in the eutectic NaCl−KCl melts at 700 °C was then investigated in detail by transient electrochemical techniques. The results indicated that the reduction reaction of Pb(II) in NaCl−KCl melts was a one-step process exchanging two electrons, and it was determined to be a quasi-reversible diffusion-controlled process. Finally, potentiostatic electrolysis was carried out at −0.6 V (vs Ag/AgCl) in the NaCl−KCl−PbCl₂ melts, and the obtained cathodic product was identified as pure Pb by X-ray diffraction analysis. This investigation demonstrated that it is practically feasible to produce pure Pb metal by electrochemical reduction of PbCl₂ in eutectic NaCl−KCl melts, and has provided important fundamental for the further study on lead recovery from spent LABs via molten salt extraction process.     

Solubility of CO2 in aqueous solutions of NaCl, KCl, CaCl2 and their mixed salts at different temperatures and pressures

The solubility of CO₂ in water and aqueous solutions of NaCl, KCl, CaCl₂, NaCl + KCl (weight ratio = 1:1), NaCl + CaCl₂ (weight ratio = 1:1), KCl + CaCl₂ (weight ratio = 1:1), and NaCl + KCl + CaCl₂ (weight ratio = 1:1:1) was determined at 35.0, 45.0 and 55.0 °C up to 16 MPa, and the concentration of the salt was up to 14.3 wt%. It was demonstrated that solubility increased with increase in pressure, and decreased with increasing temperature. Addition of a salt or salt mixture resulted in reduction in the solubility due to the salting-out effect. At the same salt concentration (wt%), the salting-out effect of KCl was considerably smaller than those of NaCl and CaCl₂. The salting-out effect of a salt mixture is between those of its components.     

PREPARATION OF Al Sc ALLOY IN CHLORIDE SYSTEM WITH MOLTEN SALT ELECTROLYSIS

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NaCl-KCl共熔盐中Zn2+的电化学还原机理(英文)

为了开发高效、环境友好型冶金粉尘中锌回收技术,提出一种将选择性氯化和熔盐电解相结合的工艺。首先,通过热力学论证上述处理工艺的理论可行性。然后,采用多种暂态电化学测试方法研究973K时NaCl-KCl共熔盐中Zn²⁺在钨电极上的电化学行为。结果表明,Zn²⁺的还原过程是一步转移2个电子的反应,起始还原电位为-0.74 V(vs Ag/AgCl);且为受扩散控制的准可逆过程,计算得到Zn²⁺的扩散系数为10^-5cm²/s数量级。最后,在NaCl-KCl-ZnCl₂熔盐中于-1.6 V (vs Ag/AgCl)进行恒电位电解,电解9.5 h、后获得银白色类球状金属颗粒,经分析证实为金属Zn。本研究表明,在NaCl-KCl共熔盐中直接电解ZnCl₂提取金属锌是可行的,为冶金粉尘中锌的高效回收提供了有益的理论参考。     

Linear sweep anodic stripping voltammetry of heavy metals from nitrogen doped tetrahedral amorphous carbon thin films

Nitrogen doped tetrahedral amorphous carbon (ta-C:N) thin films were deposited on p-Si (1 1 1) substrates (1 × 10⁻³ to 6 × 10⁻³ Ω cm) by a filtered cathodic vacuum arc technique with different nitrogen flow rates (3 and 20 sccm). The ta-C:N film coated samples were used as working electrodes to detect trace heavy metals such as zinc (Zn), lead (Pb), copper (Cu) and mercury (Hg) by using linear sweep anodic stripping voltammetry in 0.1 M KCl solutions (pH 1). The influence of nitrogen flow rate on the sensitivity of the films to the metal ions was investigated. The results showed that the current response of the ta-C:N film electrodes was significant to differentiate all the tested trace metal ions (Zn²⁺, Pb²⁺, Cu²⁺, and Hg²⁺) and the three ions (Pb²⁺ + Cu²⁺ + Hg²⁺) could be simultaneously identified with good stripping peak potential separations.     

盐浴炉的节能、环保改造

本文从现场出发,针对多年以来盐浴炉存在的问题进行综合考虑,提出改造措施,使盐浴炉的使用达到节能、环保的效果.     

KCl-有机盐聚合物钻井液在川西双鱼石区块的应用

川西地区双鱼石区块目的层埋藏深,完钻井深在7 000 m以深,上部φ444.5 mm、φ333.4 mm井眼主要采用“空气钻”提速,空气钻井转钻井液如何保证井壁稳定至关重要,在“高效PDC+螺杆”提速方式下优质的钻井液性能也尤其重要。为此,KCl-有机盐聚合物钻井液在KCl、有机盐的共同作用下抑制能力强,能够抑制岩石组分水化分散、膨胀,封堵防塌剂可以快速形成致密泥饼,减少滤液侵入井壁地层,防止“空气钻”后干燥井壁“吸水”引起的井塌;抑制钻屑水化分散,钻井液流变性能稳定、波动小、易调控、现场维护处理简单;钻井液强抑制性、低黏度和切力可提高钻头水马力,减少钻屑在钻头上的吸附,防止钻头泥包现象,减少钻井液中微米、亚微米粒子,有助于提高机械钻速。双探8井等现场应用表明,KCl-有机盐聚合物钻井液确保了“空气钻”井段井壁稳定,顺利钻过沙溪庙组下部（沙一段）、凉高山组、自流井组及须家河组易垮塌地层,井眼畅通、井壁稳定、井径规则、电测顺利、井下安全、钻速较高,满足工程、地质录井需要。      

宝浪油田无伤害压裂液研究

宝浪油田低渗透地层存在钙镁离子含量高、水敏易水锁等问题,压裂开发对液体有一定要求,研究发现常用压裂液在适应性方面有一些不足.为了提高区块的压裂效果,选择无伤害压裂液压裂,并对影响压裂液成胶性能的因素进行分析,对稳定剂EDTA(乙二胺四乙酸二钠盐)、KCl、阴离子表面活性剂等主要添加剂用量进行优化,得出压裂液基本配方并进行实验研究,主要包括压裂液对储层和支撑裂缝的伤害性、悬砂性能、流变性及抗剪切性、破胶性能、稳定性等方面进行了室内评价.实验结果证明,该压裂液耐温性能、悬砂性能、流变性能符合要求,抗剪切,对支撑剂及岩心伤害小,且破胶彻底,在地层水矿化度高的情况成胶稳定,适合宝浪油田压裂开发.