抗高温KCl聚磺钻井液体系在伊朗FX井中的应用

针对伊朗YADA区块上部地层极易水化分散、下部地层压力系统复杂、井底温度高,极易发生井壁坍塌、井漏、井喷、卡钻、下套管困难等深井复杂情况。通过对该地区复杂地层固井技术难点分析,借鉴国内KCl聚磺钻井液体系应用经验,室内研究了适合于该地区钻进的抗高温KCl聚磺体系,并对该配方进行性能评价及优化,通过在FX井的现场应用,表明该KCl聚磺体系抑制性能好、封堵性强、抗高温性能稳定、润滑性好,解决了FX井井壁稳定等技术难题,满足了该井工程地质要求,实现了该井预期勘探开发目的,为该地区勘探开发积累了经验。     

老挝钾盐矿5万t/a氯化钾生产关键技术

"老挝钾盐矿5万t/a氯化钾生产关键技术研究"是云南省科技强省计划专项项目。阐述了老挝钾盐矿工业化开发的目的和意义,研究了老挝钾盐矿从原料预处理、分解分级、浮选加工氯化钾生产工艺的关键技术,并就老挝钾盐矿规模化开发提出建议。     

钻井液材料对三维荧光录井的影响

针对南海东部海域所使用的钻井液材料展开讨论,探究通过三维荧光录井技术进行区分油气显示荧光与钻井液材料产生的荧光,以及钻井液材料对三维荧光录井技术的影响;探寻由钻井液材料造成影响的解决办法。     

Chemical diffusion coefficient calculation of U3+ in LiCl-KCl molten salt

Self-diffusion coefficient denotes the intrinsic diffusion of elements without the chemical gradient; generally, it is different from the chemical diffusion coefficient that is used in Fick's law. However, the self-diffusion coefficient can be converted to the chemical diffusion coefficient by considering the concentration-dependent activity coefficient of solute. In this study, the multiple time origins method was applied to calculate the self-diffusion coefficient of U³⁺ in LiCl-KCl eutectic salt at different temperatures and concentrations. The chemical diffusion coefficient was obtained based on the calculated results and thermodynamic theory. Calculated results show that self-diffusion coefficient decreases with concentration however chemical diffusion coefficient indicates to change little initially but appears to increase followed by decrease later within the concentration range of 0–3 at%.     

海水浓缩Na+、K+、Mg2+//Cl-、(SO2-4)-H2O体系的分离方法研究进展

根据海水浓缩体系组成,本文综述了其分离方法.针对氯化钾分离,讨论了冷分解正浮选法、冷结晶正/反浮选法、淘洗柱分离法和电势法等方法,并对各工艺进行了比较.对于氯化钠介绍了浮选剂在氯化钠表面吸附的原理、3类浮选剂及各自优缺点,以及N-烷基吗啉和脂肪酰胺的制备方法.比较了Na+、K+、Mg2 +//C1 -、(SO2-4) -H2O五元系统介稳平衡相图和Van't Hoff的稳定平衡相图.在五元介稳相图中,由于钾镁钒和钾盐镁钒结晶区域消失,导致硫酸镁和氯化钾的结晶区域直接相连,若采用海水蒸发浓缩工艺,可直接制备氯化钾;而对于固体混合盐可考虑制备硫酸型钾盐工艺.     

Effect of KCl substitution on bacterial viability of Escherichia coli (ATCC 25922) and selected probiotics

Excessive intake of NaCl has been associated with the increased risk of several diseases, particularly hypertension. Strategies to reduce sodium intake include substitution of NaCl with other salts, such as KCl. In this study, the effects of NaCl reduction and its substitution with KCl on cell membranes of a cheese starter bacterium (Lactococcus lactis ssp. lactis), probiotic bacteria (Bifidobacterium longum, Lactobacillus acidophilus, and Lactobacillus casei), and a pathogenic bacterium (Escherichia coli) were investigated using Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. A critical NaCl concentration that inhibited the viability of E. coli without affecting the viability of probiotic bacteria significantly was determined. To find the critical NaCl concentration, de Man, Rogosa, and Sharpe (MRS) broth was supplemented with a range of NaCl concentrations [0 (control), 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5, 3.0, 3.5, 4.0, 4.5, and 5.0%], and the effect on cell viability and FTIR spectra was monitored for all bacteria. A NaCl concentration of 2.5% was found to be the critical level of NaCl to inhibit E. coli without significantly affecting the viability of most of the probiotic bacteria and the cheese starter bacterium. The FTIR spectral analysis also highlighted the changes that occurred mainly in the amide regions upon increasing the NaCl concentration from 2.5 to 3.0% in most of the bacteria. Escherichia coli and B. longum were more sensitive to substitution of NaCl with KCl, compared with Lb. acidophilus, Lb. casei, and Lc. lactis ssp. lactis. To evaluate the effect of substitution of NaCl with KCl, substitution was carried out at the critical total salt concentration (2.5%, wt/vol) at varying concentrations (0, 25, 50, 75, and 100% KCl). The findings suggest that 50% substitution of NaCl with KCl, at 2.5% total salt, could inhibit E. coli without affecting the probiotic bacteria.     

混配复肥的生产工艺

叙述了用普钙、碳铵、氯化钾尿素生产混配肥料的生产原理、工艺流程及工艺条件的选择。     

KCl Induced Corrosion of a 304-type Austenitic Stainless Steel at 600°C; The Role of Potassium

The influence of KCl on the oxidation of the 304-type (Fe18Cr10Ni) austenitic stainless steel at 600°C in 5% O₂ and in 5% O₂ + 40%H₂O is investigated in the laboratory. The samples are coated with 0.1 mg/cm² KCl prior to exposure. Exposure time is 1–168 h. Uncoated samples are exposed for reference. The oxidized samples are analyzed by ESEM/EDX, XRD and AES. The results show that small additions of potassium chloride strongly accelerate high temperature corrosion, the oxide thickness being up to two orders of magnitude greater after exposure in the presence of KCl. The rapid corrosion is initiated by the formation of potassium chromate through the reaction of KCl with the protective oxide. Chromate formation is a sink for chromium in the oxide and leads to a loss of its protective properties. The resulting rapidly growing scale consists of an outer hematite layer with embedded K₂CrO₄ particles and an inner layer consisting of spinel oxide, (Fe,Cr,Ni)₃O₄. Little or no chlorine is found in the scale or at the scale/metal interface.     

Local reactions of KCl particles with iron,nickel and chromium surfaces

Corrosion of superheaters caused by the deposition and subsequent reaction of alkali chloride containing ashes is one of the main material problems by combustion of biomass for energy conversion. The alkali chloride particles are formed during combustion and transported as aerosol or in the vapor phase within the combustion gas, subsequently sticking on the surface of the metallic tube. The initial reaction between the tube surface and the salt particle plays a major role in the initiation of the corrosion process and, therefore, are studied in detail in this work. The salt particles were locally deposited by means of thermophoresis within an aerosol generator, available at MPIE. Studies on the reaction of KCl particles with iron surfaces showed that a reaction takes place already at 300 °C. In N₂‐O₂ atmospheres, the attack was very local, whereas the addition of 0.05 vol.% HCl to the reaction gas led to complete coverage of the iron surface with chloride. In contrast, reactions of KCl with nickel and chromium surfaces start to be significant only at 500 °C and higher. The paper summarizes the reaction behavior of Fe, Ni and Cr after thermophoretic deposition of KCl particles and subsequent reaction at elevated temperatures.