Electrodeposition of Li and electrochemical formation of Mg–Li alloys from the eutectic LiCl–KCl

The electrochemical behavior of Li⁺ was studied at the inert and active electrodes in the molten LiCl–KCl eutectic. Transient electrochemical techniques, such as cyclic voltammetry, chronoamperometry and chronopotentiometry were used in order to explore the deposition mechanism of Li. The reduction process of Li⁺ is irreversible and the diffusion coefficient of Li⁺ at 723 K was determined as 6.68(±0.07) × 10⁻⁶ cm² s⁻¹. During the electrodeposition process of Li, the electrocrystallization played an important role. The chronoamperometric studies indicated that instantaneous nucleation existed during the electrodeposition process of Li metal. At a Mg electrode, the electroreduction of Li⁺ takes place at a less cathodic potential values than that at Mo electrode which indicated the formation of Mg–Li alloy. The Mg–Li alloy films with different crystal phase were obtained by potentiostatic electrolysis, and the samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy.     

Kinetics studies during NaCl and KCl pork meat brining

We describe and quantify salt transfer processes during food processing using mathematical models. Our approach incorporates as novel elements: (i) a more rigorous determination of the salt diffusion kinetics by using the salt concentration of the liquid phase instead of the salt concentration of the overall samples, (ii) the use of novel, more accurate equilibrium conditions, (iii) the consideration of mass transfer coefficients in the boundary and (iv) the consideration of diffusion and salt transfer coefficients as functions of time. The methodology is used to determine the NaCl and KCl diffusion and transport coefficients during pork meat salting. Our results, combining experimental studies with a numerical study of a mathematical optimization problem point out the limitations of purely diffusive models and the need for more sophisticated models accounting for more physical and chemical processes taking place in meat during salting.     

海水基氯化钾钻井液在仙鹤4井的应用

辽河滩海仙鹤地区一些层段钻进中易发生坍塌的原因是:粘土矿物水化、膨胀、分散及运移;外来流体侵入泥页岩层理及裂缝;负压钻井引起井壁力学失稳。在超高压、强造浆、强坍塌应力、可溶盐污染的沙河街组,高密度钻井液流变性能难控制,润滑性能难保证,易发生井下复杂情况及压差粘附卡钻。基于强抑制、严封堵、适当高密度防塌和流变性、造壁性、抑制性协调统一的思路,研制了一种海水基氯化钾钻井液,报道了钻井液组成,给出了基本配方,该配方中不包含降粘剂。详细介绍了在仙鹤4井(评价井)钻进中钻井液的配制、转化及维护措施;使用该体系钻井液钻进时,起下钻、钻进顺利,返出的砂样完整,井径扩大率平均5.6%,最大缩径率2.8%,电测顺利,岩心收获率97.65%,钻井液流变性控制良好,钻井周期短(60天)。     

家H2分支水平井钻井液技术

家H2井是大港油田第一口分支水平井,位于沈家铺油田官107×1断块,目的层为孔二2油组上砂体.该井为三开井,由一个主井眼和两个分支井眼构成,完钻垂深为2211.65 m,斜深为2658 m,井底水平位移为521 m,最大井斜为92.87°;一分支水平段段长为119.12 m,最大井斜为92.19°;二分支水平段段长为25 m,最大井斜为92°.该井二开井段使用聚合物钻井液,三开井段使用无固相KCl聚合物钻井液,采用无固相超低渗透技术保护油层,满足了筛管完井对油层保护技术的要求.在施工过程中无固相KCl聚合物钻井液性能稳定,携砂洗井能力强,滤失量小,能有效地稳定井壁,保护油气层,大大提高了原油产量.     

辽河油田浅海钻井液技术

辽河油田滩海地区上部隔水管井段以流砂层为主，机械钻速高，环空岩屑量大，选用了正电胶钻井液；中下部地层富含以蒙脱石、伊蒙混层为主的泥岩，并且存在强坍塌应力及由沉积引起的超高压地层流体，存在井壁失稳问题；由于多个压力系统在同一裸眼段并存，油气水层相容、相近，极易发生井漏、井涌、井塌、卡钻等复杂事故，加之地层压力预测的局限，更增加了钻探难度，因此优选了海水KCl钻井液。在13口井的应用表明，海水KCl钻井液性能稳定，黏土容量限高，抗盐污染能力强，具有稳定井壁、井眼清洁、润滑防卡和保护油气层等特点，满足了辽河钻井的需要以及海洋环保的要求。     

^238U裂变产物传输效率的测定

用气喷咀反冲传输技术将14MeV中子引起~(288)U裂变的裂变产物从照射位置传输到15m远的实验区.氮气作传输气体,KCl作添加剂.活性炭和混合纤维素酯微孔滤膜作阻止、吸附材料.Ge(Li)探测器测得的12个核素的传输效率大都在40—70％之间。     

用串联Al2O3/KCl柱分析1,3-丁二烯产品中痕量烃类杂质

为解决1,3-丁二烯中痕量烃类杂质丙炔等组分无法分离的问题,采用美国Agilent公司3种牌号大口径KC1型Al2O3柱,考察了1,3-丁二烯产品中痕量烃类杂质的分离情况,并建立了定量分析方法.结果 表明:不同牌号Al2O3/KCl柱的分离效果差异较大,CP-Al2O3/KCl柱优于其他牌号;采用出峰顺序相同的2根Al...     

基于气相色谱-离子迁移谱结合多元统计学分析KCl部分替代NaCl对宣威火腿挥发性风味化合物的影响

为降低宣威火腿中的钠盐含量,采用KCl部分替代NaCl,并分析成品火腿挥发性风味的变化。以100% NaCl为对照,使用KCl分别替代30%、40%、50%和60% NaCl的低钠宣威火腿为研究对象,基于气相色谱-离子迁移谱（gas chromatography-ion mobility spectrometry,GC-IMS）技术对不同KCl替代的宣威火腿挥发性化合物进行分析。结果表明,GC-IMS可以实现对宣威火腿风味化合物差异的快速分析,共检测出49 种挥发性化合物,以醛类、酮类、醇类和酯类为主;通过主成分分析和偏最小二乘-判别分析（partial least squares-discriminant analysis,PLS-DA）等多元统计学方法,直观地对不同KCl替代组宣威火腿进行有效区分。此外,基于PLS-DA,共筛选出24 种化合物被鉴定为特征标志物（VIP＞1）,其中丙酸乙酯、2-戊酮（单体）、乙酸乙酯（二聚体）和乙缩醛等,是影响不同KCl替代组宣威火腿风味差异的重要成分。通过热图聚类分析,对照组与30% KCl替代组宣威火腿在风味上较为相似。因此,为了保持传统宣威火腿的风味,KCl替代量不应超过30%。     

盐对氨基改性SBA-15吸附Pb2+性能的影响研究

以三嵌段共聚物P123作为模板剂,正硅酸乙酯(TEOS)为硅源,3-氨丙基三乙氧基硅烷(APTES)为偶联剂,采用嫁接法制备氨基化SBA-15-KCl(n),并探究nHCl与nKCl的比对Pb2吸附效率的影响.采用X射线衍射(XRD)、透射电镜(TEM)、红外光谱(FT-IR)和N2吸附-脱附等手段对合成的样品进行表征,通过实验对改性后介孔材料的吸附性能和影响因素进行研究.结果表明:改性后材料对pb2吸附的最佳吸附时间为60 min,体系pH值为5,最佳吸附温度为40℃,当KC1的加入量达到0.0474 mol即nHCl∶nKCl =3∶7时,样品对Pb2+吸附率最佳可在95％左右.     

Effects of PVP and KCl concentrations on the synthesis of gold nanoparticles using a solution plasma processing

Application of plasma in an aqueous environment, so called Solution Plasma Processing (SPP) is a recent development. Solution plasma processing for the synthesis of gold nanoparticles by reducing HAuCl₄ in the presence of Polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) and potassium chloride (KCl) was investigated in this work. Effects of PVP and KCl concentrations on the size and the shape of the gold nanoparticles in SPP were studied using a UV-vis nir spectrophotometer, and high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM). The results showed that the shape and size of the nanoparticles were affected by various KCl and PVP concentrations. The average particle size of the gold nanoparticles synthesized by SPP decreased with an increase in PVP concentration and the particle shape became more spherical with the addition of KCl. The HRTEM results indicated that gold nanoparticles with a diameter less than 10 nm were single crystals, while particles with a diameter greater than 15 nm were polycrystalline.