传热传质过程和设备的有限时间热力学优化

1前言能源的短缺与高效利用问题是当代世界各国面临的重大社会问题之一。随着世界人口和经济的迅速增长,能源的消耗急剧地增加,并导致能源的严重短缺。因此,研究充分、高效利用现有能源的方式成为我们目前的重要任务。蒸馏作为全球范围内耗能量最大的工业,引起了很多工程界和物     

反应器形式对异丙苯氧化的影响

在100℃、0.5MPa下,以Na2CO3溶液为稳定剂的异丙苯液相空气氧化反应过程中,当反应时间相同时,在环流反应器内的过氧化氢异丙苯(CHP)浓度和异丙苯氧化速率均高于鼓泡反应器。在常压、85℃的UOP工艺条件下,经过诱导期后,高/径比相对较小的鼓泡槽反应器不用稳定剂比环流反应器和鼓泡塔反应器对异丙苯的氧化反应更为有利。     

A model of wood flash pyrolysis in fluidized bed reactor

With a view of exploiting renewable biomass energy as a highly efficient and clean energy, liquid fuel from biomass pyrolysis, called bio-oil, is expected to play a major role in future energy supply. At present, fluidized bed technology appears to have maximum potential in producing high-quality bio-oil. A model of wood pyrolysis in a fluidized bed reactor has been developed. The effect of main operation parameters on wood pyrolysis product distribution was well simulated. The model shows that reaction temperature plays a major important role in wood pyrolysis. And a good agreement between experimental and theoretical results was obtained. It was shown that particles less than 500 μm could achieve a high heating-up rate to meet flash pyrolysis demand.     

The oxidation of benzene under conditions encountered in waste incinerators

The oxidation of benzene was studied as a function of residence time (τ_res=0–2.5 s), temperature (850–960 K), and oxygen concentration (O₂=0.2–2.3%) in a heated laminar flow reactor at atmospheric pressure. Nitrogen, doped with 350 ppm benzene, was injected downstream of the burned gas from a near stoichiometric flame of methane + air. Gas samples were taken at different heights up the reactor and analyzed using GC-FID/TCD and HPLC techniques. Phenol and partially oxidized hydrocarbons such as acetaldehyde, formaldehyde, and acrolein were found with concentrations up to 50 ppm. At relatively low temperatures, the conversion of benzene was observed to proceed considerably more slowly at higher oxygen concentrations. Measured concentration profiles were modeled using detailed reaction schemes. A modified mechanism for the oxidation of benzene called BenWas was constructed from the mechanism of Zhang and McKinnon (Combust. Sci. Technol. 107 (1995) 261) by incorporating a submechanism for benzoquinone (OC₆H₄O) and by updating and enlarging the reaction scheme of cyclopentadiene (C₅H₆). The agreement between observed and predicted concentration profiles, e.g., of phenol (C₆H₅OH), acetylene (C₂H₂), and carbon monoxide (CO), was considerably improved by the use of the BenWas mechanism for rich and lean conditions, mainly due to the introduction of an additional pathway for phenyl oxidation (C₆H₅ + O₂ = OC₆H₄O + H) and due to the changed kinetics of the oxidation of cyclopentadienyl (C₅H₅) in C₅H₅ + O₂ = C₅H₄O + OH. The measured retardation of benzene oxidation with higher amounts of oxygen can be explained by the formation and reactions of peroxy radicals.     

自励式可控饱和电抗器

简要介绍自励式可控饱和电抗器的线路结构和工作原理，其特点是应用品闸管和续流二级管产生直流偏磁，井可连续平滑控制可控饱和电抗器的负载电流。可控饱和电抗器无需另设直流绕组，也无需产生直流偏磁用的直流电源。     

磁阀式可控电抗器的研究

介绍了磁阀式可控电抗器的工作原理,建立了数学模型,分析了工作特性。     

N2和CO2气氛下辽河稠油热解过程及产物性质

利用热重分析仪（TGA）和固定床反应器对辽河Q块稠油在N₂和CO₂气氛下的热解过程及产物性质进行了研究。TGA实验结果表明,2种气氛下的稠油热解过程均可划分为轻组分与水分挥发、组分较弱化学键断裂和重组分裂解产油成焦3个阶段,热解曲线总体变化趋势类似。固定床反应器热解实验结果表明,随温度升高,2种气氛下的液体产物产率均升高,热解气和残余物产率均降低,CO₂气氛下650 ℃液体产物最大产率为61.53%。不同温度下热解所得液体产物和稠油的红外谱图显示,随热解温度升高,甲基含量增多、亚甲基含量减少。对液体产物的氧化过程进行TGA分析发现,随热解温度升高,其失重曲线向高温区明显偏移且失重程度减弱,CO₂热解所得液体产物的氧化失重比N₂快。     

Oxidative dimerisation of methane on a supported Pd-Ag catalyst using a diffusion controlled ceramic wall reactor

Supported palladium-silver oxides were used as catalysts for the partial oxidation of methane by molecular oxygen in a tubular reactor with ceramic wall separation. The ceramic wall controls the O₂ supply in the catalyst bed. The results indicate that the reactor configuration can play an important role in methane oxidation. C₂H₆, C₂H₄, CO₂ and H₂O were obtained at temperatures less than 300 °C. At this temperature any contribution from homogeneous gas phase reaction can be ruled out.     

SORPTION EQUILIBRIUM OF COPPER BY PARTIALLY-COAGULATED CALCIUM ALGINATE GEL

The sorption equilibrium of dissolved copper by spherical partially-coagulated gels of calcium alginate was investigated in this work. The gels were formed by dispensing a viscous algin (food grade sodium alginate from kelp) solution with a multi-tip dispenser into 0.05 M CaCl₂ solution in a loop fluidized bed reactor. The resultant semi-rigid spherical gels were then transferred to another reactor operated batch wise to absorb dissolved copper at low concentrations (10-40 ppm). When the concentration of the inert neutral salt NaNO₃, added to the reactor fluid was 0.01 M, the amount of copper absorbed was found to be substantially higher than that at 0.1 MNaN0₃. The conventional Langmuir's model based on the concentration of copper in solution yielded different values of conditional stability constant at different ionic strengths in the reactor fluid. However, by defining the copper-binding stability constant on the basis of copper activity in the gel phase with the competition from calcium for metal binding sites taken into account, a unique copper-binding stability constant and a unique calcium-binding stability constant were obtained. The numerical procedure for estimating the activity of copper in the gel fluid was modified from Jang et al. Water Research, 1990, in press).