污泥的热解动力学及机理研究

1前言污泥的热分解过程是污泥在气化和燃烧过程中的初始阶段,对污泥稳定着火和燃烧过程有着重大的影响。因此,深入研究污泥的热分解将增进对污泥的各种转换过程的理解,对完善污泥的气化和燃烧过程的控制和设计有着一定的现实意义。由于污泥的热解过程非常复杂,整个热解过程既有     

温度对污水污泥流化床热解油成分影响的GC_MS分析

采用气相色谱/质谱联用技术,对污水污泥在流化床中不同热解温度下热解获得的热解油进行了分析.通过气相色谱/质谱联用技术分析,在污泥热解油中检测出100多种成分,采用峰面积法对各种成分进行定量分析,对热解油中的29种峰面积百分比大于1%的成分进行了定性分析.热解油中含有苯及其化合物、烯烃、羧酸、多环芳烃(PAHs)、含氮化合物、含氯化合物和酯类,400 ℃时热解油中酯类的含量占绝对优势,而在600 ℃时,烯烃的含量最多,各种组分的分布较400 ℃时均匀.     

Pioneer studies in trace element contamination of the food chain: disregard of prior work risks re‐inventing the wheel

Current publications tend to make little reference to early work in their field. The study of the contamination of the food chain by trace elements is no exception. It is suggested that among the reasons for the lack of early citations are the reliance on library databases, the need to keep lists of references concise, and increased specialisation. The contributions of the main pioneers are reviewed together with the principal areas of early investigation, namely trace elements in urban gardens, non‐ferrous metal‐mining spoil, sewage sludge and from atmospheric deposition. An outline is given of the development of the analytical methods that allowed accurate and rapid determination of trace elements. It is concluded that the disregard of the early period work results not only in its omission from university courses but in repetition of research. © 2000 Society of Chemical Industry     

Evaluation of municipal wastes as secondary fuels through co-combustion with woody biomass in a fluidized bed reactor

Co-combustion of two municipal waste materials (food waste and bio-solids) with an agricultural residue was carried out in a fluid bed unit, for investigating the thermal exploitation of these wastes for energy production. The reactivity of the fuels was studied by thermogravimetric analysis, while temperature profiles, gaseous emissions and combustion efficiency were determined under different operating conditions of the fluid bed reactor. By blending municipal solid waste or sewage sludge with olive stone burnout was improved, nevertheless even at high percentages of these wastes in the mixture combustion efficiency was very good, ranging between 98.5 and 99.5%. A reduction in excess air from 50 to 30%, or an increase in fuel feeding, resulted in higher SO₂ and NO_x emissions. SO₂ levels from olive stone/municipal solid waste blends were negligible, while those of NO_x exceeded emission guidelines. To meet legislation without any extra measures, generally the share of municipal solid waste in the mixture should be up to 10%, reactor loading for all mixtures below 0.72 kg/h and excess air over 40%.     

悬浮澄清池-预涂动态膜错流过滤系统除浊效果及过滤机制研究

利用悬浮澄清池-预涂动态膜错流过滤系统处理淮河原水,考察其除浊效果及稳定性,同时对预涂动态膜错流过滤模型进行探讨。结果表明,悬浮澄清池-预涂动态膜错流过滤系统对浊度的总去除率可达99%以上,出水浊度0.2NTU以下;预涂剂为30g粉末活性炭和75g硅藻土并投加一定量聚铝进行二次混凝时,预涂动态膜错流过滤过程可用标准过滤模型描述,说明动态膜透水孔隙的堵塞可归结为颗粒在膜孔隙中的吸附、架桥等作用。研究结果为减少水浊度提供了新方法。     

Fenton法预活化污泥制备磁性活性炭的实验研究

利用Fenton法预活化二沉池剩余污泥能够有效改善污泥活性炭的性质,制备性能良好的污泥磁性活性炭.通过考察H_2O_2投加量、H_2O_2/Fe~(2+)投加质量比、活化pH、预活化时间对污泥前驱体和污泥磁性活性炭的影响,探索Fenton法预活化污泥的作用机理.结果表明:Fenton试剂在酸性pH条件下产生羟基自由基,具有强氧化性的·OH破坏污泥胞外聚合物,同时将大分子有机物氧化成中间体和小分子有机物,少量孔隙随着CO_2和H_2O的逸出而形成;Fenton试剂的使用引入了铁,而铁盐是污泥热解的催化剂,能够促进焦油的裂解,加快有机物大分子键的断裂,从而促使更多孔隙的生成.     

Analysis of oil content in drying petroleum sludge of tank bottom

In this paper, the oil content and corresponding components were analyzed in the samples of drying tank bottom petroleum sludges from Sinochem Xingzhong Oil Staging (Zhoushan) Co. Ltd. The composition of the oily sludge was determined by using organic solvent extraction gravimetric method (organic solvent is selected as petroleum ether, benzene, and toluene, respectively) and calcining-gravimetric method. It was found that measurement errors by using petroleum ether extraction gravimetric method and direct weight-loss method were bigger than those errors by using benzene or toluene extraction gravimetric method. During the measurement, it was also found that toluene should be recommended instead of benzene due to its lower toxicity. The measurement results show that water content, oil content and solid content by mass in the sludge were 9.8%, 25.8% (the asphaltene is accounted for 22.7% of the oil content in the sludge) and 64.4%, respectively. Also, chemical composition of the solids in the sludge was analyzed by using organic solvent extraction gravimetric method and XRD structure analysis method, then it was shown that Fe(OH)O·H₂O is the main solid component in the sludge.     

市政污泥流化床掺烧生物质的NO与SO2排放特性研究

为了探究市政污泥燃烧过程中的气态污染物排放特性,在30 kW鼓泡流化床实验台上进行了市政污泥的燃烧实验,研究燃烧温度、二次风率、秸秆掺混比等参数对气态污染物排放特性的影响。结果表明：燃烧温度的升高会显著提高NO与SO₂的排放;提高二次风率使NO排放浓度减少,SO₂排放浓度增加;由于生物质中较低的N、S含量以及生物质与污泥燃烧的协同作用,污泥掺烧生物质能够有效地减少NO与SO₂的排放;秸秆占比由0提升至40%,NO由289 mg/m³下降至140 mg/m³,而SO₂排放浓度也从3 949 mg/m³下降至1 725 mg/m³;污泥掺烧秸秆时,NO与SO₂的整体排放特性与污泥单独焚烧相似,掺烧秸秆能够加快整体的燃烧速率,并加强燃烧气氛的氧化性,进而影响气态污染物的排放。     

德国污泥处置技术的分析与研究

分析德国的污泥处置技术,旨在对我国的污泥处置方式进行改进．德国采用的污泥处理技术为：污泥消化发酵产甲烷气用于发电;消化后的污泥,利用垃圾焚烧厂烟气废热干燥,干燥的污泥颗粒作为燃料用于发电厂或水泥厂,或直接作为燃料应用于发电厂．但是,在甲烷气进入发电机前,首先必须对其采用活性炭吸附技术净化,净化后可保证含Si有机物质量分数小于0．6mg／L;不然,该物质将对发电机正常运行造成危害．研究表明,德国技术在我国的应用是可行的、实用的．     

火烧山油田含油污泥调剖工艺技术研究与应用

火烧山油田目前累计的含油污泥量为2.6×10~4 m~3,处理方式为积累到一定量后,统一拉运到环保单位,采用热处理+萃取工艺进行净化,容易造成二次污染,且运行成本很高。为了解决上述问题,开展了含油污泥冻胶调剖试验。通过研究稠化剂、交联剂A、交联剂B、油泥含量等不同含量组分的影响,确定了配方体系为:0.3%(w)聚丙酰胺+0.03%(w)交联剂A+0.10%(w)交联剂B+20%(w)污泥。对含油污泥的粒径及耐温性、封堵性、选择性进行的室内评价表明:含油污泥组分的粒径分布较宽(61～830μm);温度升至90℃时,冻胶黏度仍保持在20 000 mPa·s以上;单管岩心封堵率均达到了85%以上;双管岩心的渗透率依次减小(均小于1μm~2),说明油泥配方体系对火烧山油田具有良好的适配性。将含油污泥冻胶与常规凝胶颗粒配合使用,采用多级段塞注入的工艺技术,优化出了适应火烧山油田的含油污泥调剖技术。该技术在火烧山油田共实施13井次,累计处理含油污泥25 543 m~3,节约污泥处理费用741.3万元,井组累计增油共1 988 t,降水615 t,合计产生经济效益506.9万元。实现了低成本处理含油污泥的目的,解决了含油污泥造成的环境污染问题。