排污权交易制度的“冷思考”

排污权交易制度作为一种极具效率性的环境管理措施得到了广泛的认可,但其自身亦存在某些缺陷,无论在污染物总量确定环节、排污许可证分配环节还是在排污权自由交易环节均与“污染者负担”原则一定程度上相冲突.因此,我国在设计和运用这一制度时,应客观地评价其价值,使得排污权交易制度与其他环境管理措施相互配合,充分发挥其保护环境的作用.     

Experiments and reaction characteristics of liquid phase simultaneous removal of SO<Subscript>2</Subscript> and NO

Experiments of simultaneous removal of SO₂ and NO from simulated flue gas, using NaClO₂ solution as the absorbent, were carried out in a self-designed bubble reactor, and high simultaneous removal efficiencies of SO₂ and NO were obtained under the optimal experimental conditions. The mechanism of simultaneous removal based on NaClO₂ acid solutions was proposed by analyzing the removal products. Possibility and limitation of the desulfurization and denitrification using NaClO₂ acid solutions were calculated by thermodynamic methods. Experimental results of reaction kinetics for simultaneous desulfurization and denitrification indicated that the oxidation-absorption processes of SO₂ and NO were divided into two zones, namely the fast and slow reaction zones. In the slow reaction zones both were zero order reactions, and in the fast reaction zones, the reaction order, rate constant and activation energy of SO₂ reaction with absorbent were 1.4, 1.22 (mol·L⁻¹)^−0.4·s⁻¹ and 66.25 kJ·mol⁻¹, respectively, and 2, 3.15×10³ (mol·L⁻¹) ⁻¹·s⁻¹, and 42.50 kJ·mol⁻¹ for NO reaction, respectively. Supported by the National High-Tech Research and Development Program of China (“863” Project) (Grant No. 2007AA061803)     

A simplified model of nitric oxide emission from a circulating fluidized bed combustor

A simplified mathematical model leading to a closed form of solution is developed for estimation of nitric oxide emission from a coal fired circulating fluidized bed (CFB) furnace. The furnace is divided into two sections: a lower section below and an upper section above the secondary air injection level. Reactions in the cyclone and the return leg are neglected. Furnace dimensions, coal feed rate, coal composition and furnace temperature are inputs to the model which was validated against several pilot scale and commercial units. Experimental results from two pilot plants and two commercial power plants agree with model predictions. A sensitivity analysis was carried out using the model to examine the effect of different operating parameters and coal properties on the overall NO emission from the furnace. It was found that excess air and furnace temperature are most important factors influencing the NO emission level. The primary to secondary air ratio influences the NO emission level reasonably. Properties of coal are other factors which affect the NO emission to a large extent. The model, though it invovles some simplification, predicts the overall emission of NO with a level of accuracy accepted in commercial operation.     

The role of lanthana loading on the catalytic properties of Pd/Al2O3-La2O3 in the NO reduction with H2

The role of La₂O₃ loading in Pd/Al₂O₃-La₂O₃ prepared by sol–gel on the catalytic properties in the NO reduction with H₂ was studied. The catalysts were characterized by N₂ physisorption, temperature-programmed reduction, differential thermal analysis, temperature-programmed oxidation and temperature-programmed desorption of NO.

The physicochemical properties of Pd catalysts as well as the catalytic activity and selectivity are modified by La₂O₃ inclusion. The selectivity depends on the NO/H₂ molar ratio (GHSV = 72,000 h⁻¹) and the extent of interaction between Pd and La₂O₃. At NO/H₂ = 0.5, the catalysts show high N₂ selectivity (60–75%) at temperatures lower than 250 °C. For NO/H₂ = 1, the N₂ selectivity is almost 100% mainly for high temperatures, and even in the presence of 10% H₂O vapor. The high N₂ selectivity indicates a high capability of the catalysts to dissociate NO upon adsorption. This property is attributed to the creation of new adsorption sites through the formation of a surface PdO_x phase interacting with La₂O₃. The formation of this phase is favored by the spreading of PdO promoted by La₂O₃. DTA shows that the phase transformation takes place at temperatures of 280–350 °C, while TPO indicates that this phase transformation is related to the oxidation process of PdO: in the case of Pd/Al₂O₃ the O₂ uptake is consistent with the oxidation of PdO to PdO₂, and when La₂O₃ is present the O₂ uptake exceeds that amount (1.5 times). La₂O₃ in Pd catalysts promotes also the oxidation of Pd and dissociative adsorption of NO mainly at low temperatures (<250 °C) favoring the formation of N₂.     

建筑施工过程碳排放量预测模型及应用研究

在明确碳排放量计算公式和碳排放因子的基础上,文章建立建筑施工过程中碳排放量预测模型,并对建筑施工过程中材料及机械设备使用情况进行实证分析,得出建筑面积与施工过程碳排放量存在显著的线性关系。最后通过实例对该碳排放量预测模型进行应用研究。     

SrAl_2O_4∶Eu~(2+),Dy~(3+)荧光粉的合成及表征

为了提高SrAl_2O_4∶Eu~(2+),Dy~(3+)荧光材料的发光强度和余辉时间,采用高温固相法合成了SrAl_2O_4∶Eu~(2+),Dy~(3+)荧光粉.利用X射线衍射仪、扫描电子显微镜和荧光光谱仪对产物的化学成份、结构、微观形貌和发光特性进行了分析.结果表明,SrAl_2O_4∶Eu~(2+),Dy~(3+)荧光粉的最佳煅烧温度为1 500℃,最佳煅烧时间为3 h.当Eu_2O_3的质量分数为2%时,Sr Al2O4∶Eu2+荧光粉的发光强度最大;当Eu_2O_3的质量分数为1.5%时,SrAl_2O_4∶Eu~(2+)荧光粉的余辉性能最好;当Eu_2O_3的质量分数为2%、Dy_2O_3的质量分数为4%时,SrAl_2O_4∶Eu~(2+),Dy~(3+)荧光粉的发光强度和余辉性能最好.     

基于联立方程模型的 FDI、产业结构与碳排放互动关系研究

通过中国30个省区1997—2012年能源消费数据,依据电（热）碳分摊原则测算出各省区的碳排放量,运用面板单位根和面板协整理论,建立了包含经济增长、碳排放以及外商直接投资在内的联立方程来分析区域 FDI 与二氧化碳排放的关系。结果表明：联立方程中每个模型的协整关系是成立的,区域 FDI 对区域碳排放的直接弹性是－0．001,间接弹性是0．146,区域产业结构对区域碳排放的直接弹性是0．032,间接弹性是1．882。研究进一步发现区域 FDI、区域经济增长、区域产业结构与区域能源强度都是促进区域碳排放的重要因素,并且区域 FDI 和区域碳排放量对区域经济增长呈现出双向的因果关系。     

基于低碳交通理念的城市出租车碳排放研究

出租车排放的二氧化碳污染人们生存的环境,也给人们的身体健康带来负面影响。文中对某城市出租车能源消耗和碳排放问题进行分析和预测并给出相应的改善对策。首先对出租车能耗统计数据进行分析,并测算碳排放现状,然后运用趋势外推法对能耗和碳排放进行预测,最后给出相应的改善对策。研究结果有助于低碳交通理论的深入研究,并为交通管理部门制定决策提供支持。     

矸石山风蚀扬尘起尘风速确定研究

利用实测空气颗粒物数据和颗粒物体源扩散模式推导扬尘实际排放强度,根据扬尘实际排放强度突变比例确定不同地区矸石山风蚀扬尘起尘风速。     

基于GA-LSSVR算法的回采工作面瓦斯涌出量预测

针对回采工作面瓦斯涌出量问题的小样本、非线性、影响因素关系复杂等特点,采用遗传-最小二乘支持向量回归算法对瓦斯涌出量进行预测,利用定量方法进行分析,避免了定性分析的局限性,有效提高了预测的精度。该模型首先利用遗传算法对最小二乘支持向量回归机中的参数进行训练和优化,然后运用遗传-最小二乘支持向量回归模型对测试样本进行了回采工作面瓦斯涌出量测试。测试结果表明:与支持向量回归机以及最小二乘支持向量回归机的预测值相比,遗传-最小二乘支持向量回归的回采工作面瓦斯涌出量预测可靠性和精确性更高。