Characteristics of Oil and Skim in Enzyme-Assisted Aqueous Extraction of Soybeans

The economic viability of enzyme-assisted aqueous extraction processing (EAEP) of soybeans depends on properties and potential applications of all fractions (skim and insolubles as well as oil). EAEP oil contained lower free fatty acid, phosphorus, and tocopherol contents, similar unsaponifiable matter levels, and higher degrees of oxidation (peroxide and p-anisidine values) than hexane-extracted oil. The phospholipid profile of EAEP fractions was mainly composed of phosphatidic acid, followed by phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylinositol, and phosphatidylethanolamine. Most of phospholipids were present in the skim, except for phosphatidic acid, which was the major phospholipid in the cream fraction. Skim and cream contained 55 and 3 % of the soluble carbohydrates in the original extruded flakes, respectively. Soluble carbohydrates of the skim were mainly composed of stachyose (5.8 ± 0.8 mg/mL) and sucrose (9.9 ± 0.8 mg/mL), which were hydrolyzed into glucose, galactose, and fructose after addition of α-galactosidase. Skim and cream peptides contained <20 kDa MW molecules. About 71 % of the skim peptides were <20 kDa MW, with 49 % being <1.35 kDa MW, 22 % being 17–1.35 kDa MW, and 29 % being 44–670 kDa MW. Skim protein and carbohydrate contents make this fraction suitable for replacing water in ethanol fermentations, thereby improving the fermentation rate/production and the nutritional quality of distiller’s dried grains with solubles.     

Beef tallow biodiesel produced in a pilot scale

In the present work, the process of biodiesel production in a pilot plant has been studied using beef tallow as raw materials with methanol and potassium hydroxide as catalyst. The biodiesel quality is regulated by Brazilian specifications (Resolution 42) by the National Agency of Petroleum (ANP). The alkaline transesterification of animal fat with methanol produces a biodiesel with high quality and also with a good conversion rate. The process is possible but the economical viability must be improved by recovering methanol and glycerin. The obtained results have been used for industrial scale up of the process.     

吸附无细胞百白破-重组乙型肝炎(CHO细胞)联合疫苗的中试工艺

目的探讨吸附无细胞百白破-重组乙型肝炎(CHO细胞)联合疫苗(DTaP-HBV)的中试工艺。方法通过不同的配比条件,探索DTaP-HBV联合疫苗的最佳中试工艺。以此工艺制备3批DTaP-HBV,进行各项指标的检定及稳定性试验。结果配方以无细胞百日咳疫苗原液18μgPN/ml,精制白喉类毒素25Lf/ml,精制破伤风类毒素7Lf/ml,重组乙肝疫苗原液20μg/ml为宜;DTaP-HBV的稀释液选用0.85%NaCl溶液吸附效果较好,各抗原间无干扰作用;不同配合方式对四联疫苗的效力影响不大。3批DTaP-HBV的各项检定指标均符合《中国药典》三部(2005版)要求,且稳定性良好。结论已筛选出DTaP-HBV联合疫苗的最佳中试工艺,以此工艺制备的疫苗安全、稳定、有效。     

基于PLC与步进电机的装载机先导手柄阀测控系统开发

针对装载机先导手柄阀性能测试要求,开发了采用PLC与步进电机控制的测试工装,介绍该测试工装的结构、工作原理和控制要求。在此基础上,对其进行PLC和LabVIEW软件开发。实际应用表明:该测控系统可满足先导手柄阀测试要求,且系统运行良好、试验效率高、数据采集及处理可靠有效,可为产品出厂测试、设计及维护提供实验支持。     

基于AMESim的先导式溢流阀静态性能的仿真和优化

根据先导式溢流阀的原理,对其进行了抽象和简化,并在AMESim HCD库中建立了先导式溢流阀的仿真模型。针对先导式溢流阀传统设计方法中存在的问题,提出了一种先导式溢流阀参数优化的新思路,并通过DB10-2-L5X/35型先导式溢流阀进行了应用验证。     

锻造操作机提升俯仰系统平降下滑问题的分析

针对锻造操作机提升俯仰系统平升缸停止时刻短时下滑问题,运用AMESim软件建立液控单向阀及提升俯仰液压系统仿真模型并进行仿真分析,分析了系统中液控单向阀卸荷小阀芯、主阀芯以及控制活塞的瞬态运动特性。结果表明:油缸下滑是由于液控单向阀不能即时关闭所致,液控单向阀关闭过程中,控制活塞复位缓慢,给阀芯复位造成一定阻力,使阀芯不能立即复位。通过增大控制活塞复位弹簧的刚度可使活塞复位迅速,液控单向阀可立即关闭,有效解决油缸下滑问题。     

Development of solid base catalyst X/Y/MgO/γ-Al2O3 for optimization of preparation of biodiesel from Jatropha curcas L.seed oil

The preparation and regeneration conditions of the identified catalyst X/Y/MgO/γ-Al₂O₃ with high catalytic activity were studied and optimized. The biodiesel was prepared by transesterification of Jatropha curcas seed oil produced in Guizhou with methanol at its reflux temoerature in the presence of X/Y/MgO/γ-Al₂O₃. The pilot plant tests were carried out in a 100 L reaction vessel. Both average yield and fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) content reached more than 96.50% under the optimum reaction conditions of the pilot plant tests designed withan oil/methanol molar ratio of 1: 10, catalyst concentration of 1.00%, and reaction time of 3 h at reflux temperature. In addition, analysis shows that the quality of biodiesel meets the standard EN 14214. __________ Translated from Modern Chemical Industry, 2007, 27(Suppl. 2): 452–455 [译自: 现代化工]     

抗菌建筑卫生陶瓷的试制和展望

本文介绍了抗菌建筑卫生陶瓷的基本概念和国内外的发展简况;抗菌剂及制品的性能评价;无机抗菌剂型和纳米材料型抗菌建筑卫生陶瓷的试验和检测情况;讨论了发展抗菌建筑卫生陶瓷方面的几个问题并对它的发展前景作了预测和展望。     

Performances of a heat exchanger and pilot boiler for the development of a condensing gas boiler

In this research, design factors for a heat exchanger and boiler were investigated using a simplified model of a heat exchanger and pilot condensing boiler, respectively. Specifications of each heat exchanger component (e.g., upper heat exchanger (UHE) and lower heat exchanger (LHE); coil heat exchanger (CHE); baffles) were investigated using a model apparatus, and the comprehensive performance of the pilot gas boiler was examined experimentally. The heating efficiency of the boiler developed was about 90% when using the optimal designed heat exchangers. Compared to a conventional Bunsen-type boiler, the heating efficiency was improved about 10%. Additionally, NO_x and CO emissions were about 30 ppm and 160 ppm, respectively, based on a 0% O₂ basis at an equivalence ratio of 0.70, which is an appropriate operating condition. However, the pollutant emission of the boiler developed is satisfactory considering the emission performance of a condensing boiler, even though CO emission must be reduced.     

Treatment of textile wastewaters by solar-driven advanced oxidation processes

Heterogeneous (TiO₂/UV, TiO₂/H₂O₂/UV) and homogenous (H₂O₂/UV, Fe²⁺/H₂O₂/UV) solar advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) are proposed for the treatment of recalcitrant textile wastewater at pilot-plant scale with compound parabolic collectors (CPCs). The textile wastewater presents a lilac colour, with a maximum absorbance peak at 516 nm, high pH (pH = 11), moderate organic content (DOC = 382 mg C L⁻¹, COD = 1020 mg O₂ L⁻¹) and high conductivity (13.6 mS cm⁻¹), associated with a high concentration of chloride (4.7 g Cl⁻ L⁻¹). The DOC abatement is similar for the H₂O₂/UV and TiO₂/UV processes, corresponding only to 30% and 36% mineralization after 190 kJ_UV L⁻¹. The addition of H₂O₂ to TiO₂/UV system increased the initial degradation rate more than seven times, leading to 90% mineralization after exposure to 100 kJ_UV L⁻¹. All the processes using H₂O₂ contributed to an effective decolourisation, but the most efficient process for decolourisation and mineralization was the solar-photo-Fenton with an optimum catalyst concentration of 100 mg Fe²⁺ L⁻¹, leading to 98% decolourisation and 89% mineralization after 7.2 and 49.1 kJ_UV L⁻¹, respectively. According to the Zahn-Wellens test, the energy dose necessary to achieve a biodegradable effluent after the solar-photo-Fenton process with 100 mg Fe²⁺ L⁻¹ is 12 kJ_UV L⁻¹.