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71.
The liberalization of television markets and the emergence of commercial channels has changed the position of public television, bringing an end to monopolies. Public television now competes for audiences with private television. In this paper, the authors analyze the changes to the market position of public television in Germany, Spain, France, the United Kingdom (UK), and Italy between 1995 and 2019. In this 25-year period, all of these countries have had a liberalized TV market. The aim of this paper is to demonstrate the ways in which public television competes with commercial television, assessing the consequences of this on market power. This analysis allows us to detect similarities and dissimilarities between public television and television markets in large Western European countries. The results show the decline of the market share of public television in all countries, except Germany. Furthermore, public television has remained market leading in all countries, with the exception of Spain. One of the ways to compete with commercial television is to start new public channels and acquire a large audience. 相似文献
72.
Depopulation is a dramatic problem in rural inland Spain. The present study draws on a survey administered to inhabitants of rural areas to analyse the factors influencing the decision to emigrate to larger centres of population, with a special focus on the impact of ICT-based public policies. The findings show that size of municipality, age and education affect the intention to emigrate. It is found that the digital divide in terms of quality of ICT access has not, in many cases, been overcome, having an effect on citizen satisfaction. To guide public actions, we identify population profiles depending on both level of satisfaction with ICT development and preference towards specific ICT-related public policy measures intended to combat depopulation. We also find that most individuals continue to think that improving investment in ICT infrastructures should be a priority of public policy, compared to more advanced measures such as bolstering e-government. 相似文献
73.
陈作尚 《广东输电与变电技术》2003,(4):45-48
本文以多年的投标工作经验为依据,介绍了电力工程网上招投标电子商务的优点、市场需求情况,并探索性地提出了网上招投标电子商务的解决方案,以供电力工程市场上招、投标双方进行参考。 相似文献
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76.
The article examines the potential role that public engagement and participative pro-cesses to play a role in effective infrastructure planning in the context of energy policies. For example, by 2050, at least 80% of Germany’s electricity has to be derived from re-newable energy sources if Germany is to meet the goals of its own energy policy. This includes the comprehensive and accelerated extension of the electricity grid. As a result of the magnitude of these changes, the German energy transition is not proceeding without debate and controversy. Public engagement is certainly no panacea for en-hanced social acceptance, yet it offers substantial potential to facilitate the energy tran-sition. The paper draws together social science and legal expertise in order to investi-gate the role of public participation in legal planning processes concerning energy infra-structures. The paper not only focuses on the extension of the German power grid, but also deals with participative policy at the European level. To this end, the paper analyzes the potential role of the German legal planning system in grid expansion and in the Eu-ropean processes of nominating Projects of Common Interest (PCI) and of drawing up the Ten Year Network Development Plan (TYNDP). 相似文献
77.
Public speaking is a well-known psychosocial stress to occur in social-evaluative situations. This study examined self-reported, autonomic and endocrine stress responses to a 5-min public speaking task. Participants were asked to present either in front of i) a real audience, or ii) a virtual audience or iii) an empty virtual lecture hall. Thus, the main objective of this study was to examine the influence of real or virtual social stimuli on stress reactivity. Additionally, possible sex differences in stress responses were evaluated. Sixty-six women and men (20–33 years) underwent a multidimensional assessment of stress including self-reported state anxiety, heart rate, heart rate variability and saliva cortisol secretion. Results showed comparable increases in all stress responses in both the real and the virtual public speaking group. These findings indicate that the Self Preservation Theory is not limited to physically present social entities, but may also be extended to virtual social stimuli; as such this observation is also in line with the so called Media Equation Concept. Implications of the current results for therapy and research are subsequently discussed. 相似文献
78.
In the present research, two studies examined how self-construal and public self-consciousness jointly influence positive self-presentation in online social networking. Participants’ independent and interdependent self-construals were either measured (Study 1, N = 137) or manipulated with priming (Study 2, N = 120). Public self-consciousness was measured with self-report ratings in both studies. Participants self-reported their tendency (Study 1) and behavioral intention (Study 2) to engage in positive self-presentation on Facebook. Both studies were conducted with college student Facebook users in South Korea. Results from both studies demonstrated no main effect of self-construal but a significant interaction between self-construal and public self-consciousness. Specifically, the negative association between interdependent self-construal and positive self-presentation on Facebook was significant among those low in public self-consciousness; the association became less prominent for those higher in public self-consciousness (Study 1). When self-construal was experimentally manipulated, interdependent self-construal priming, as compared with independent self-construal priming, resulted in lower intention to engage in positive self-presentation, particularly among those low in public self-consciousness (Study 2). The implications of the findings were discussed. 相似文献
79.
《The Electricity Journal》2022,35(9):107202
The historical competition between public power and private power shows that retail customers have chosen the former to reduce costs and improve customer service. Research also shows that publicly owned utilities employ cost-minimizing algorithms, and that federal and state regulators favor the interests of investors over those of customers, undermining their obligation to protect consumer welfare. Institutional options matter and should be strongly encouraged. 相似文献
80.
PKI/CA技术综述 总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6
公开密钥基础设施(PKI)是解决网络安全的技术．典型PKI应用系统包括安全Web、注册机构(RA)、认证机构(CA)、目录(LDAP)和数据库等服务器．RA验证客户证书申请后提交CA．CA检查信息完整和数字签名正确后把证书存放到证书库和目录服务器,并将签发证书序列号通知客户和RA．客户即可使用该号通过目录服务器下载证书．1993年以来,美、加、欧洲、韩、日等国已相继展开PKI研究．我国2001年将PKI列入十五863计划,并着手解决PKI标准化、CA互联互通等关键技术问题。 相似文献