川西北高原地区藏传佛教寺庙初探

川西北高原地区作为我国藏区的重要组成部分,以藏传佛教为主体的藏文化广泛影响着该地区及其周边居住的各民族人民。代表藏传佛教具体形象的寺庙建筑在这样的背景下成为了这一区域最重要的建筑形式之一,集中而广泛地体现了这一地区建筑艺术与技术的特点与最高成就。     

气候变化与青藏高原工程设计

最近半个世纪,青藏高原地面气候发生了一定变化,主要表现在地面平均气温明显上升,冬季、夜间和城镇区域气温上升尤其显著,多数地区降水量呈现不同程度增加。气候变暖对高原地区自然和人类系统产生了一定影响。预计未来青藏高原气候总体将继续趋向变暖,这可能对冰冻圈、河湖系统、陆地植被、农业自然条件、能源气候资源、交通和水利设施、城镇人居环境等产生明显影响。与生态保护和经济社会发展有关的各类大型工程的规划、设计和维护,需要考虑今后气候变化的可能影响,及早制定可行的适应性措施。     

青藏高原兹格塘错流域50年来湖泊水量对气候变化响应的模拟研究

运用数值模拟建立青藏高原兹格塘错流域土壤、植被、气候等的空间和属性数据库;接着,借助分布式流域尺度水文模型(SWAT模型),对兹格塘错1956—2006年间的流量进行模拟实验;最后,反演50年来兹格塘错流域水文过程,测试流域温度、降水和蒸发组合的敏感因子对湖泊水量变化的效应,探讨50年来湖泊水量对气候变化的响应。模拟实验的边界条件设置为自然地形、土壤、植被覆盖,其中土壤资料包括有机质含量、粒径等理化参数。模拟结果表明:兹格塘错的年平均流量为6.3m³/s,流量高峰集中在8月至10月,并且由于融雪补给的关系,3月出现另一个流量高峰;模拟结果与遥感解译所得到的结果吻合较好。敏感实验表明:兹格塘错流域内温度、降水和蒸发组合的敏感因子实验具有高原特征,即高原湖泊的水文过程和湖泊流量变化有着较为敏感的响应关系;兹格塘错流量受降水的影响最大,随着降水的增加,流量有所增加;在温度升高的情况下,流域蒸发量增加速度大,兹格塘错流量增加的效应不明显,而在冷湿模式下,流域蒸发量降低,兹格塘错流量增加显著。     

青藏高原牦牛酸奶中具有抗氧化活性乳酸菌的体内外益生特性

目的:筛选出性状优良的具有抗氧化性的益生乳酸菌并研究其对D-半乳糖致衰老模型大鼠的抗氧化作用。方法:以从青藏高原牦牛酸奶中初步筛选的3株具高抗氧化活性乳酸菌为研究对象,通过耐受模拟胃肠道、耐胆盐和疏水能力实验评价3株乳酸菌的体外益生特性,并将体外益生特性优良的菌株饲喂D-半乳糖致衰老模型大鼠。通过检测各处理组大鼠的脏器指数,肝脏、脑组织和血清中的谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(glutathion peroxidase,GSH-Px)、总超氧化物歧化酶(total superoxide dismutase,T-SoD)活力、总抗氧化能力(total antioxidant capacity,T-AoC)以及丙二醛(malondialdehyde,MDA)含量来评价乳酸菌的体内抗氧化益生特性。结果:植物乳杆菌(Lactobacillus plantarum)XM5具有较强的耐模拟胃肠液和耐胆盐能力,同时具有较强的疏水能力。植物乳杆菌XM5的摄入能有效缓解D-半乳糖对大鼠脑组织的氧化损伤;使衰老模型大鼠肝脏中的GSH-Px活力,血清中的GSHPx、T-SoD活力和T-AoC显著提高(P0.05);同时使肝脏、脑组织和血清中的MDA含量显著降低(P0.05)。结论:植物乳杆菌XM5是一株性能优良的抗氧化益生乳酸菌,具有潜在的应用价值。     

高原矿井增压通风研究

为解决高原矿山井下低压低氧的工作环境问题,提出了对于高原矿山宜采用以压为主的压抽结合的通风方式,并从理论上分析了人工增压的必要性和可行性。以某高原矿山为背景,结合高原矿山的环境特点,对关键通风参数进行了校核,并以高原适应性修正后的通风关键参数为基础,运用Ventsim三维通风模拟软件搭建了通风系统的三维可视化模型和网络实时解算平台,对增能调节、增阻调节等人工增压方式进行模拟与解算,得出在不同增压方式下的增压效果。研究结果表明:高原矿山宜采用以压为主的压抽结合的通风方式,并通过人工增压的方式有效地提高井下的大气压力,可基本满足井下作业人员的需求,对于高原矿井的增压通风具有适用性和科学性。     

Theoretical prediction of effective elastic constants for new intermetallic compound porous material

Based on microstructure analysis of the new Ti-Al intermetallic compound porous material, a micromechanics model of heterogeneous Plateau porous structure was established and calculation formulas of elastic constants (including effective elastic modulus, effective shear elastic modulus and effective Poisson ratio) were derived by the energy method for this porous material. Calculation results show that both the effective elastic modulus and effective shear elastic modulus increase with the increase of the relative density while the effective Poisson ratio decreases. Compared with the currently-existing hexagonal honeycomb model and micromechanics model of composite materials, the micromechanics model of heterogeneous Plateau porous structure in this study is more suitable for characterizing the medium-density porous material and more accurate for predicting the effective elastic constants of the medium-density porous material. Moreover, the obtained explicit expressions of the effective elastic constants in term of the relative density rather than the microstructural parameters for the uniform and regular Plateau porous structure are more convenient to engineering application.     

生态混凝土在青藏高原地区的试验研究及工程应用

通过进行试验室和青海省西宁市湟水河河道治理工程现场试验,研究了骨料种类与级配、水泥用量、水灰比、SR-3 和 SR-4 添加剂的选用及掺量比例对生态混凝土性能(强度、孔隙率、透水系数、酸碱度等)的影响,在试验和分析的基础上开发出适合于高原严酷环境的具有护坡、植生等功能的生态混凝土.     

Species differentiation of chinese mollitrichosiphum (aphididae: greenideinae) driven by geographical isolation and host plant acquirement

The impact of both the uplift of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau (QTP) and the separation of the Taiwan and Hainan Islands on the evolution of the fauna and flora in adjacent regions has been a topic of considerable interest. Mollitrichosiphum is a polyphagous insect group with a wide range of host plants (14 families) and distributions restricted to Southeast Asia. Based on the mitochondrial Cytochrome C Oxidase Subunit I (COI) and Cytochrome b (Cytb) genes, the nuclear elongation factor-1α (EF-1α) gene, and the detailed distribution and host plant data, we investigated the species differentiation modes of the Chinese Mollitrichosiphum species. Phylogenetic analyses supported the monophyly of Mollitrichosiphum. The divergence time of Mollitrichosiphum tenuicorpus (c. 11.0 mya (million years ago)), Mollitrichosiphum nandii and Mollitrichosiphum montanum (c. 10.6 mya) was within the time frame of the uplift of the QTP. Additionally, basal species mainly fed on Fagaceae, while species that fed on multiple plants diverged considerably later. Ancestral state reconstruction suggests that Fagaceae may be the first acquired host, and the acquisition of new hosts and the expansion of host range may have promoted species differentiation within this genus. Overall, it can be concluded that geographical isolation and the expansion of the host plant range may be the main factors driving species differentiation of Mollitrichosiphum.     

格陵兰岛Isua铁矿的勘查与开发

2011年6月7日-6月12日,我受英国London Mining公司的邀请,到公司在格陵兰岛西海岸的Isua铁矿项目进行了实地调查.现将格陵兰岛矿业投资条件和该项目的概况,介绍给国内的有关企业和对境外矿产资源开发投资感兴趣的机构.     

Modified vegetation-erosion dynamics model and its application in typical watersheds in the Loess Plateau

The vegetation-erosion model was applied in three typical watersheds of hilly and gully area in the Loess Plateau in northwestern China to study the dynamic relations between vegetation coverage and soil erosion rate and various stresses. The model was improved by introducing rainfall and runoff factors. Then the modified model was applied in the Luergou and Luoyugou watersheds. The calculation results with the modified model were compared with the results of the original model. The precisioos of simulated vegetation coverage and soil erosion rate with the modified model were greatly improved compared with the original model. Soil erosion rate reduced with increasing vegetation coverage and the human disturbance caused high soil erosion.