Cooperation mechanisms to achieve EU renewable targets

There are considerable benefits from cooperating among member states on meeting the 2020 renewable energy sources (RES) targets. Today countries are supporting investments in renewable energy by many different types of support schemes and with different levels of support. The EU has opened for cooperation mechanisms such as joint support schemes for promoting renewable energy to meet the 2020 targets. The potential coordination benefits, with more efficient localisation and composition of renewable investment, can be achieved by creating new areas/sub-segments of renewable technologies where support costs are shared and credits are transferred between countries.Countries that are not coordinating support for renewable energy might induce inefficient investment in new capacity that would have been more beneficial elsewhere and still have provided the same contribution to meeting the 2020 RES targets. Furthermore, countries might find themselves competing for investment in a market with limited capital available. In both cases, the cost-efficiency of the renewable support policies is reduced compared to a coordinated solution.Barriers for joint support such as network regulation regarding connection of new capacity to the electricity grid and cost sharing rules for electricity transmission expansion are examined and examples given. The influence of additional renewable capacity on domestic/regional power market prices can be a barrier. The market will be influenced by for example an expansion of the wind capacity resulting in lower prices, which will affect existing conventional producers. This development will be opposed by conventional producers, whereas consumers will support such a strategy.A major barrier is the timing of RES targets and the uncertainty regarding future targets. We illustrate the importance of different assumptions on future targets and the implied value of RES credits. The effect on the credit price for 2020 is presented in an exemplary case study of 200 MW wind capacity.     

基于AHP的复杂体制RES特征评价

针对复杂体制雷达辐射源信号特征的效能评估问题,提出一种基于层次分析法的特征评价方法。根据雷达辐射源信号特征的复杂性、可分选性、稳健性设计特征评价指标体系,采用层次分析法构建层次分析评价模型,并将该模型应用于实践。实验结果表明,该模型能减小不确定因素带来的不利影响,实现对复杂体制雷达辐射源信号特征的评价。     

Surfer二次开发实现电阻率和极化率二维反演断面图的自动绘制

通过Visual Basic编程,对目前流行的Surfer绘图软件进行二次开发;调用Surfer绘图函数,对RES2DINV直流电法二维反演程序导出的Surfer格式数据,进行电阻率和极化率的实测数据、正演数据及二维反演结果的自动成图。文章介绍了程序设计思路、实现方法、功能及用法。     

小型雷达环境模拟器双波段快速跳频模块设计

设计了一种雷达环境模拟器高性价比双波段宽带快速跳频模块。采用DDS+倍频链技术,实现了输出射频信号在C、X波段的频率跳变。其频带较宽,跳频时间小于5μs,输出杂散抑制优于-50dBc,相位噪声优于-70 dBc/Hz@10 kHz,频率分辨率小于10 Hz,输出功率可控。该系统体积小、成本低,易于生产实现,可广泛应用于部队雷达的抗干扰训练和检测。     

Techno-economic assessment of green hydrogen valley providing multiple end-users

A techno-economic analysis of a hydrogen valley is carried out in this paper. A hydrogen generator fed by a wind farm (WF) and/or a photovoltaic (PV) plant supplies four end-users: a stationary fuel cell, a hydrogen refuelling station, the injection in the natural gas pipeline and, in case of sufficient hydrogen surplus, a biological hydrogen methanation (BHM) process.The results demonstrated that an efficiency improvement and a reduction in hydrogen production costs arise from a balanced supply from wind and solar energy. Without the inclusion of a BHM process, hydrogen production costs lower than 7 €/kg were achieved by a hydrogen generator using 10–12% of the PV + WF annual energy with a PV share of 20%–50%. The hydrogen production costs were further reduced to 5 €/kg by introducing a BHM process and increasing the percentage of electrical energy supplied by the PV + WF system to 25% of its overall production.     

The latest Greek statute laws and its consequences to the Greek renewable energy source market

Since the summer of 2006, the legislation governing the installation of Renewable Energy Sources electric energy production facilities in Greece has been updated by the law 3468/2006. The aim of the current study is to present a synopsis of the recently introduced statute with emphasis on the main changes imported. The objective of the law 3468/2006 is to provide favorable conditions for the infiltration of RES investors into the electric energy market, leading to benefit of the consumers and also to decreasing CO₂ emissions, providing a more favorable framework for compliance to the frames of the Kyoto Protocol. The authors wish to thank Dr. George Mariatos and Mr. George Spyrou for providing support for the work reported in this paper. The research for this study was financed by the European Union (75%) and the Greek Government (25%). [PENED 2003, code number 03ED158].     

How the hydrogen production from RES could change energy and fuel markets: A review of recent literature

The goal that the international community has set itself is to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in the short/medium-term, especially in Europe that committed itself to reducing GHG emissions to 80–95% below 1990 levels by 2050. Renewable energies play a fundamental role in achieving this objective. In this context, the policies of the main industrialized countries of the world are being oriented towards increasing the shares of electricity produced from renewable energy sources (RES).In recent years, the production of renewable energy has increased considerably, but given the availability of these sources, there is a mismatch between production and demand. This raises some issues as balancing the electricity grid and, in particular, the use of surplus energy, as well as the need to strengthen the electricity network.Among the various new solutions that are being evaluated, there are: the accumulation in batteries, the use of compressed air energy storage (CAES) and the production of hydrogen that appears to be the most suitable to associate with the water storage (pumped hydro). Concerning hydrogen, a recent study highlights that the efficiencies of hydrogen storage technologies are lower compared to advanced lead acid batteries on a DC-to-DC basis, but “in contrast […] the cost of hydrogen storage is competitive with batteries and could be competitive with CAES and pumped hydro in locations that are not favourable for these technologies” (Moliner et al., 2016) [1].This shows that, once the optimal efficiency rate is reached, the technologies concerning the production of hydrogen from renewable sources will be a viable and competitive solution. But, what will be the impact on the energy and fuel markets? The production of hydrogen through electrolysis will certainly have an important economic impact, especially in the transport sector, leading to the creation of a new market and a new supply chain that will change the physiognomy of the entire energy market.     

加密算法在共享软件加密中的简单应用

在共享软件设计开发过程中,利用不同的加密算法实现对软件注册、软件系统文件、用户权限等进行加密保护,实现了简单的软件加密,有效保护了共享软件的传播和软件系统自身安全。     

RES2DINV在柬埔寨马德望省Phnom Prek金矿区激电测深反演中的应用

柬埔寨马德望省PhnomPrek金矿区地质工作程度很低,基础地质资料薄弱,区内农田植被覆盖很大,表生氧化矿民采多年,地下原生矿信息较少.为了快速获取已知几处矿点的激发极化特征并在外围开展成矿预测,本研究在几处金矿点及其外围开展激电中梯测量,圈定三处与地表矿(化)关系密切的ηs异常.针对重点异常布设激电测深剖面并采用RE...     

民航计算机系统间的数据交换

提出了实现集中式主机系统与Client/Server处理系统的连接和数据交换的3层系统结构方案。在此基础上,介绍了基于COM技术的订座数据下载应用服务器的设计和实现过程。