NRC-RG1.99-2中LWR-RPV辐照脆化效应预计公式讨论

以关注轻水反应堆压力容器(LWR-RPV)寿命为焦点,着重探讨了NRC-RG1.99-2中辐照脆化预计公式应用的局限性和不保守性;并建议对目前新建造的LWR-RPV的辐照脆化预计由新的公式取代或修改NRC-RG1.99-2中的公式.     

Corrosion fatigue crack growth behaviour of low-alloy reactor pressure vessel steels under boiling water reactor conditions

The corrosion fatigue crack growth behaviour of different low-alloy reactor pressure vessel (RPV) steels and weld filler/heat-affected zone materials was systematically characterized under simulated boiling water reactor normal water and hydrogen water chemistry conditions by low-frequency fatigue tests with pre-cracked fracture mechanics specimens. The experiments were performed in oxygenated or hydrogenated high-purity or sulphate/chloride containing water at temperatures from 150 to 288 °C.In this paper, the observed synergistic effects of environmental, material and loading parameters on the environmental acceleration of fatigue crack growth in low-alloy RPV steels are discussed in the context of the Ford-Andresen model. Additionally, the adequacy and conservatism of the current “ASME XI reference fatigue crack growth curves” of the ASME Boiler & Pressure Vessel Code are critically reviewed and assessed on the basis of the gathered experimental data base and this model. Based on the observed cracking behaviour and the Ford-Andresen model, a simple time-domain superposition model is suggested, which could reduce most of the undue conservatism and eliminate uncertainties of the existing codes and therefore serve as a basis for the development of improved reference fatigue crack growth curves.     

反应堆压力容器密封面材料非正常工况下的腐蚀性能研究

针对压力容器密封面材料在核工程应用中发生的腐蚀问题,研究了反应堆压力容器密封面材料非正常工况下的腐蚀性能.利用静态高压釜研究308L不锈钢在不同Clˉ浓度条件下的腐蚀行为,采用金相显微镜和扫描电镜( SEM)对样品进行观察和分析.结果表明,在270℃、5.5 MPa条件下,Clˉ浓度低于1 mg/L时308L不锈钢没有发生点腐蚀、缝隙腐蚀和应力腐蚀;随着Clˉ浓度提高,308L不锈钢对点腐蚀、缝隙腐蚀和应力腐蚀的敏感性显著增加.     

Experimental CFD grade data for stratified two-phase flows

Stratified two-phase flows were investigated at two test facilities with horizontal test-sections. For both, rectangular channel cross-sections were chosen to provide optimal observation possibilities for the application of optical measurement techniques. In order to show the local flow structure, high-speed video observation was applied, which delivers the high-resolution in space and time needed for CFD code validation.The first investigations were performed in the Horizontal Air/Water Channel (HAWAC), which is made of acrylic glass and allows the investigation of air/water co-current flows at atmospheric pressure and room temperature. At the channel inlet, a special device was designed for well-defined and adjustable inlet boundary conditions. For the quantitative analysis of the optical measurements performed at the HAWAC, an algorithm was developed to recognise the stratified interface in the camera frames. This allows to make statistical treatments for comparison with CFD calculation results. As an example, the unstable wave growth leading to slug flow is shown from the test-section inlet. Moreover, the hydraulic jump as the quasi-stationary discontinuous transition between super- and subcritical flow was investigated in this closed channel. The structure of the hydraulic jump over time is revealed by the calculation of the probability density of the water level. A series of experiments show that the hydraulic jump profile and its position from the inlet vary substantially with the inlet boundary conditions due to the momentum exchange between the phases.The second channel is built in the pressure chamber of the TOPFLOW test facility, which is used to perform air/water and steam/water experiments at pressures of up to 5.0 MPa and temperatures of up to 264 °C, but under pressure equilibrium with the vessel inside. In the present experiment, the test-section represents a flat model of the hot leg of the German Konvoi pressurised water reactor scaled at 1:3. The investigations focus on the flow regimes observed in the region of the elbow and of the steam generator inlet chamber, which are equipped with glass side walls. An overview of the experimental methodology and of the acquired data is given. These cover experiments without water circulation, which can be seen as test cases for CFD development, as well as counter-current flow limitation experiments, representing transient validation cases of a typical nuclear reactor safety issue.     

Accident management following loss-of-coolant accidents during cooldown in a Westinghouse two-loop PWR

Operation of pressurised water reactors involves shutdown periods for refuelling and maintenance. In preparation for this, the reactor system is cooled down, depressurised and partially drained. Although reactor coolant pressure is lower than during full-power operation, there remains the possibility of a loss-of-coolant accident (LOCA), with a certain but low probability. While the decay heat to be removed is lower than that from a LOCA at full power, the reduced availability of safety systems implies a risk of failing to maintain core cooling, and hence of core damage. This is recognised though probabilistic safety analyses (PSA), which identify low but non-negligible contributions to core damage frequency from accidents during cooldown and shutdown. Analyses are made for a typical two-loop Westinghouse PWR of the consequences of a range of LOCAs during hot and intermediate shutdown, 4 and 5 h after reactor shutdown respectively. The accumulators are isolated, while power to some of the pumped safety injection systems (SIs) is racked out. The study assesses the effectiveness of the nominally assumed SIs in restoring coolant inventory and preventing core damage, and the margin against core damage where their actuation is delayed. The calculations use the engineering-level MELCOR1.8.5 code, supplemented by the SCDAPSIM and SCDAP/RELAP5 codes, which provide a more detailed treatment of coolant system thermal hydraulics and core behaviour. Both treatments show that the core is readily quenched, without damage, by the nominal SI which assumes operation of only one pump. Margins against additional scenario and model uncertainties are assessed by assuming a delay of 900 s (the time needed to actuate the remaining pumps) and a variety of assumptions regarding models and the number of pumps available in conjunction with both MELCOR and versions of SCDAP. Overall, the study provides confidence in the inherent robustness of the plant design with respect to LOCA during cooldown to cold shutdown, and in the validity of a two-tier calculational method. The results have been directly used in updating the plant shutdown PSA, by changing the success criteria for core cooling during cooldown of the plant and showing a reduction in overall risk.     

Classification of multi class dataset using wavelet power spectrum

Data mining techniques are widely used in many fields. One of the applications of data mining in the field of the Bioinformatics is classification of tissue samples. In the present work, a wavelet power spectrum based approach has been presented for feature selection and successful classification of the multi class dataset. The proposed method was applied on SRBCT and the breast cancer datasets which are multi class cancer datasets. The selected features are almost those selected in previous works. The method was able to produce almost 100% accurate classification results. The method is very simple and robust to noise. No extensive preprocessing is required. The classification was performed with comparatively very lesser number of features than those used in the original works. No information is lost due to the initial pruning of the data usually performed using a threshold in other methods. The method utilizes the inherent nature of the data in performing various tasks. So, the method can be used for a wide range of data.     

Strategy evaluation for fire spray system on Advanced Passive PWR Severe Accident Management Guideline

The fire spray system (FSS) of the Advanced Passive PWR, as a part of the fire protection system, can provide a non-safety related containment spraying function for severe accident mitigation which is included in the Severe Accident Management Guidelines (SAMG) of the Advanced Passive PWR when dealing with severe accidents. The effectiveness of the FSS is investigated on three effects for severe accident mitigation which are controlling the containment condition, washing out fission product and injecting into the containment through three representative severe accident scenarios analysis with integral accident analysis code since there is no sufficient data support, besides the negative impact is also discussed. Results show that the FSS can be effective for controlling the containment condition, washing out fission product and injecting into the containment, however the effect is limited due to system limitation: the FSS can only cool the containment atmosphere for a short term; the flow rate of FSS cannot fulfill the success criteria given in the PRA report of the Advanced Passive PWR. Meanwhile, the hydrogen concentration and the containment water level should be the long-term monitored because actuating the FSS may cause hydrogen risk in the containment and containment flooding. Despite its limitation and negative impact, the FSS can be effective as an alternative severe accident mitigation measurement for postponing the process of accidents for safety system recovery.     

国产A508-3钢在模拟AP1000一回路水环境下的疲劳性能研究

反应堆压力容器（RPV）钢在一回路水环境下的疲劳性能是评价其设计寿命的重要参数。本文针对国产A508-3钢开展了模拟AP1000一回路水环境的低周疲劳性能试验研究,获得了321 ℃、155 MPa及01 ppm溶解氧水环境下的疲劳行为数据和断裂机理。研究结果表明,国产A508 3钢峰值应力随应变幅的增大而逐渐增大,疲劳试验过程中试样表现出循环硬化、循环软化和饱和3个阶段;在应变幅由02%逐渐增加至06%的过程中,疲劳周次从105逐渐降低至102;疲劳断口具有疲劳和腐蚀特征,属于典型的腐蚀疲劳断裂。     

联邦卡尔曼滤波器在无人机导航系统中的应用

针对无人机GPS／RP／DR组合导航系统的特点，设计了用于该系统的联邦卡尔曼滤波器。该滤波器具有全局最优性，其结构遵循信息分配原则，其算法改善了数值计算的稳定性和系统的容错性，并减少了信息传输量与计算量。理论分析及仿真结果表明，该联邦卡尔曼滤波器能够满足无人机在GPS或RP信号无效或两信号均短期无效情况下定位导航的精度要求。     

Identification of salmon redds using RPV-based imagery produces comparable estimates to ground counts with high inter-observer variability

An integral part of population monitoring within fisheries is ground-based surveys of fish redds. Remotely piloted vehicles or drones (RPVs) could provide a complementary method but need verification due to a host of methodological differences. To compare methods, we counted summer Chinook redds (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) (~6 m² in size) using RPVs and compared them to ground-based counts in the Wenatchee River (WA, USA). We found individual aerial counts were many times twice the corresponding ground counts. We also found large inter-observer variability among aerial counters. The coefficient of variation among multiple aerial counts were 37%, 38%, and 50% across three sites, which are comparable to published variation in ground counts. We attribute inter-observer variability to inherent uncertainties in redd identification similar to ground counting, and importantly, we did not see evidence that the clarity of substrate in the image influenced observer bias. Overall, our data suggest that redd counting using RPVs is an effective method, particularly in high-density spawning locations. We conclude that RPV imagery accurately identifies redds in a clear, relatively wide (60 m) river, but suggest continuing research into increasing precision, limiting observer variability, and assessing the accuracy across methods and locations.