低压环境下航空电缆材料燃烧特性的研究

在高高原实验室(61 kPa、4 290 m)和广汉实验室(96 kPa、520 m),分别开展常低压条件下FXL型航空电缆的对比燃烧实验。通过热辐射加热箱、烟密度及成分测试仪和氧指数仪等设备,测量点燃时间、烟密度、质量损失速率和CO、CO2及O2等浓度变化。实验结果表明:在96 kPa和61 kPa两种实验环境下,低压下最小点燃时间及温度的数值更大,两者的温度和时间差分别为15℃和4.8 s;烟密度曲线快速升高后趋于平衡,61 kPa条件下的发烟量小于96 kPa;O2体积浓度随着加热时间先下降后升高,而CO2的变化趋势相反。在61 kPa条件下,CO曲线会出现双峰现象且更明显;随着氧浓度增加,质量损失速率加快且呈线性关系;压力因素对燃烧影响减弱且燃烧持续时间差值变小。研究结果揭示了低压环境对航空电缆的燃烧影响,为增强航空安全提供参考。     

进气喷甲醇降低柴油机加速冒烟的研究

针对柴油机瞬态工况排放黑烟的现象,采用同步往进气道喷甲醇加以抑制的方法进行了研究.为此开发了一套根据发动机工况变化的甲醇喷射的电控系统.在一台高速非增压直喷柴油机上对进气喷甲醇和纯柴油的瞬态烟度排放两种情况进行了试验对比研究.结果表明,以城市公交车的起步加速和加载加速工况以及发动机高低转速下的增转矩瞬态工况为对象,进气喷甲醇的方法可以减少烟度排放达到50%以上,说明采用进气喷甲醇为柴油机解决冒黑烟问题提供了一种技术途径.     

表面包覆的多金属氧酸盐在膨胀阻燃电缆材料中的抑烟作用

利用硅烷偶联剂对一种Keggin型多金属氧酸盐(十二钼磷酸盐)进行表面包覆处理,然后与膨胀阻燃(IFR)电缆材料共混制备出一种低烟阻燃复合材料,研究了表面包覆的多金属氧酸盐在该复合材料中的抑烟作用,以及对材料性能的影响。结果表明:多金属氧酸盐的引入可以一定程度上抑制材料在燃烧过程中的烟气释放,其中,添加了0.8%-3.0%包覆处理的多金属氧酸盐的IFR电缆材料,其烟密度可以降低15%;另外,该多金属氧酸盐基抑烟剂对IFR电缆材料的力学性能、阻燃性能及电性能等的影响很小。     

国产混合型卷烟与国外知名品牌混合型卷烟的分析比较及发展思路

选择市场销售份额较大、档次较高的国产混合型卷烟与国外知名品牌的混合型卷烟进行系统详细的分析比较,找出我国混合型卷烟在物理特性、烟支结构、化学成分、烟气特征、感官质量等各个方面与世界知名品牌的差距。我国混合型卷烟在设计思路及化学成分上存在以下不足：（１）卷烟吸阻分布不合理,滤嘴吸阻偏低;（２）卷烟纸透气度偏高,而滤嘴通风稀释较少;（３）卷烟烟丝化学成分不协调,糖氮比偏高、氮碱比偏低、糖碱比则有高有低。这些差异是造成国产混合型卷烟吸味不佳及焦油量偏高的主要原因。针对这些不足,文章指出了我国混合型卷烟的发展思路及研究方向,认为应从产品设计、工艺加工、基础研究等方面入手。     

激光光斑尺寸对烟幕干扰效果影响的研究

为了提高激光武器抗烟幕干扰的能力,通过利用相关理论进行推导和计算,分别得出施放烟幕前后目标表面光斑尺寸的大小与探测器接收到的来自目标的激光功率以及烟幕干扰效果之间的关系,以模拟烟幕对激光武器的干扰效果评估。验证了理论推导和计算基本符合实际情况。研究表明,光束的半径越小,能量越集中,烟幕对激光武器的干扰效果越差,激光武器的抗干扰能力越强。     

铜基红外干扰发烟剂性能影响因素

重点研究了铜粉粒度、铜含量、添加剂及配方组成和配比等因素对铜基发烟剂红外消光性能的影响，同时也研究了包覆剂及制药工艺对发烟剂性能的影响。并且对测试结果及相关问题进行了分析讨论。     

红外光谱仪在红外弹、烟幕弹测试中的应用

介绍了红外光谱仪的主要性能、标定方法和辐射量的测量原理 ,并对标定误差来源及注意事项进行了说明 .论述了红外光谱仪在红外干扰弹、烟幕干扰弹测试中测量原理 ,对测量误差来源及修正方法进行了分析 ,并给出了计算模型。     

Performance validation of a hybrid ventilation strategy comprising longitudinal and point ventilation by a fire experiment using a model-scale tunnel

We examined the exhaust performance of a hybrid ventilation strategy for maintaining a safe evacuation environment for tunnel users in a tunnel fire. The hybrid ventilation strategy combines the longitudinal ventilation strategy with the point ventilation strategy which is a type of transverse ventilation strategy. The model tunnel developed by this study was scaled to 1/5 the size of a full-scale tunnel. The model-scale experiment was performed taking into consideration Froude's law of similarity. Measurement items were the distribution of temperature and concentration of smoke inside the tunnel, longitudinal wind velocity, mass flow of smoke in the point ventilation duct, and the heat release rate of the fire source. The following main conclusions were obtained. The smoke height was constant even when varying the extraction rate of smoke from the ceiling vent. The backlayering length and critical velocity of the smoke flow in the hybrid strategy could be predicted by the methodology developed by using the longitudinal strategy. The hybrid strategy maintained a safe evacuation environment on both sides of the tunnel fire.     

Study on the real-time size distribution of smoke particles for each fire stage by using a steady-state tube furnace method

For the analysis of the adverse effects of smoke on health, it is essential to determine the amount and location of smoke particles deposited in the respiratory tract. However, the deposition characteristics of the particles are influenced by their morphology and size distribution. Moreover, the real-time particle size distribution during inhalation is important for determining smoke particle deposition in the lungs. Smoke particles generated under different fire conditions differ in their physical and chemical characteristics. Thus, there is a need to adopt international standard methods for characterizing the particles generated in fire. In the present study, the size distributions together with morphology of smoke particles were measured for each fire stage by using the steady-state tube furnace method given in ISO/TS 19700. The size distributions of smoke particles from wood and polypropylene (PP) were measured in real time by using an electric low-pressure impactor (ELPI⁺), and their morphologies were analyzed using transmission electron microscopy (TEM).     

净化厂房排烟设置的几点建议

厂房内的工艺设备造成排烟管道着火，火势顺着排烟管道蔓延至技术夹层及屋面，造成技术夹层及屋面相关设备、系统完全损毁。建议风管（特别是工艺排风管道）穿过设备及风管密布的技术夹层时加设防火阀，且技术夹层设置机械排烟系统。