山西省地下水资源可持续利用研究

本文在可持续发展战略的指导下，讨论了山西省地下水资源可持续开发利用的原则，论述了全省地下水开发利用现状及水环境问题，分析了地下水的开发利用潜力，并提出了地下水资源可持续开发利用应采取的对策与措施。     

Modelling a sustainability yardstick in modern energisation of rural sub-Saharan Africa

The bulk of rural Africa (as well as much of the third world) remains un-electrified and is underserved or poorly served by any other form of modern energy infrastructure. In case of a deep sub-Sahara African country like Kenya it is often dismissively argued that lack of finance and appropriate technology are the obvious causes. This argument would however not hold when applied to the more technologically advanced South Africa where a whopping 50% of rural households still suffer a similar fate. The common perception is that in the presence of modern technology the desired social change process will automatically commence. Unfortunately (and possibly due to pressure from donors) typical post project reports from the third world often contain deliberate commissions or omissions that essentially belie the grim reality on the ground. What seems to lack is a well-defined yardstick or standard check-off list as to the essential attributes of a sustainable energy dissemination project.     

The promotion of sustainable development in China through the optimization of a tax/subsidy plan among HFC and power generation CDM projects

China is expected to reach record growth by 2020 in the energy sector by at least doubling its electricity generation capacity. In order to protect the environment and foster economic development, China will greatly benefit from transfers of state-of-the-art power generation technologies through international agreements such as the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM). However, a buyer-driven carbon market and a highly competitive environment due to more cost-effective projects attribute to China's need to achieve a balance between sustainability and profitability for CDM projects implemented in China.     

Energy, environment and development in Bhutan

Bhutan's energy and environmental situation and approaches to development are reviewed and analyzed in this paper. Conservation of natural resources and human happiness have been placed as central strategic policy themes and have been given high priority in the national development plans of Bhutan. Bhutan's unique approach to development via Gross National Happiness (GNH) or the Middle Path of development is being facilitated by the Royal Government of Bhutan as a tool to balance poverty alleviation, environmental conservation and development. However, challenges exist due to the constraints of resources, good governance, legal frameworks, and human capacity. This paper reviews selected sustainable energy projects (e.g. energy from renewables or energy conservation) in Bhutan and finds that in fact, Bhutan's renewable energy resources (e.g. water and forests) which have proved to be indispensable for development are vulnerable due to the adverse impacts of climate change and environmental degradation. Appropriate measures in order to reduce potential environmental degradation and mitigate climate change impacts have been acknowledged globally and these have potential for application in Bhutan. For example, implementation of sustainable energy projects under the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) of the Kyoto Protocol could offer an opportunity for mitigating climate change impacts and also contributing to sustainable development.     

上海城郊旅游的开发现状与规划策略

城市郊区凭借其独特的资源优势和区位优势成为近年旅游开发的热点。以上海市城郊旅游为研究对象,立足于上海国际大都市的环境背景,综合研究上海城郊地区的旅游资源特点和开发现状,探讨城郊旅游与城市建设的关系,并针对其目前存在的问题,提出了相应的规划对策。     

Optimization model for the selection of materials using a LEED-based green building rating system in Colombia

Buildings have a significant and continuously increasing impact on the environment because they are responsible for a large portion of carbon emissions and use a considerable number of resources and energy. The green building movement emerged to mitigate these effects and to improve the building construction process. This paradigm shift should bring significant environmental, economic, financial, and social benefits. However, to realize such benefits, efforts are required not only in the selection of appropriate technologies but also in the choice of proper materials. Selecting inappropriate materials can be expensive, but more importantly, it may preclude the achievement of the desired environmental goals. In order to help decision-makers with the selection of the right materials, this study proposes a mixed integer optimization model that incorporates design and budget constraints while maximizing the number of credits reached under the Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) rating system. To illustrate this model, this paper presents a case study of a building in Colombia in which a modified version of LEED is proposed.     

国内外绿色混凝土的发展动态及趋势

混凝土作为目前最大宗的土木建筑材料，在给社会带来良好的经济和社会效益，同时，也造成了严重的环境污染和生态破坏。本文分析探讨了国内外绿色混凝土发展状况及趋势。目前，开展绿色材料其相关理论的研究，从而实现材料科学与技术的持续发展，是历史发展的必然，也是材料科学的进步。在这种的背景条件下，具有环境协调和自然相适应的特性绿色混凝土应运而生。     

Creation of regional added value by regional bioenergy resources

In debates about the positive effects of renewable and bioenergy projects the aspect of generating regional added value is discussed widely. But the real effects, generated by this regional added value stayed up to now on a non-measurable level. In order to expedite the calculation of these important figures, the author presents a field tested method for confidently arriving at useful values. This methodology takes into consideration the ecological, economical and social impact of a given biomass project's implementation. The model enables a comparison between the different renewable energy plants as well as between them and plants and technology of competing alternatives. Regional authorities are hereby enabled to count on a tool for confidently measuring the possible results of various bioenergy utilization technologies. With this knowledge at hand, they could then take qualified decisions towards positive effects for their region. The developed tool allows the definition of adjustable parameters, and therefore it is able to influence the regional framework regarding a more sustainable development.     

Review on multi-criteria decision analysis aid in sustainable energy decision-making

Multi-criteria decision analysis (MCDA) methods have become increasingly popular in decision-making for sustainable energy because of the multi-dimensionality of the sustainability goal and the complexity of socio-economic and biophysical systems. This article reviewed the corresponding methods in different stages of multi-criteria decision-making for sustainable energy, i.e., criteria selection, criteria weighting, evaluation, and final aggregation. The criteria of energy supply systems are summarized from technical, economic, environmental and social aspects. The weighting methods of criteria are classified into three categories: subjective weighting, objective weighting and combination weighting methods. Several methods based on weighted sum, priority setting, outranking, fuzzy set methodology and their combinations are employed for energy decision-making. It is observed that the investment cost locates the first place in all evaluation criteria and CO₂ emission follows closely because of more focuses on environment protection, equal criteria weights are still the most popular weighting method, analytical hierarchy process is the most popular comprehensive MCDA method, and the aggregation methods are helpful to get the rational result in sustainable energy decision-making.     

A numerical investigation into the effect of windvent dampers on operating conditions

The United Kingdom has made a commitment to reduce buildings carbon emissions, placing a greater onus on sustainable energy sources. Therefore, an anticipated increase of usage of zero carbon technologies in new and existing building has led to the emergence of passive ventilation devices as an alternative to mechanical ventilation and air conditioning. The windvent is a commercially available passive ventilation device. The device is constructed from sheet metal and works on the principle of pressure differential. Whereby air rises, creating a low pressure in the receiving room, which then draws in the fresh air. The ensuing air delivery velocity is controlled by the dampers, installed at the room entry interface. The dampers are actuator operated, and form the basis of the control system for the device. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the control mechanism for the device and ascertain an optimum operating range. Numerical analysis is carried out using a commercial computational fluid dynamics (CFD) code, to investigate the effect of various damper angles (range 0–90°). The results show that optimum operating occurs at a damper angle range of 45–55°, at the UK average 4.5 m/s external wind speed. The operating range when considered in tandem with macro climatic influences is central to determining the overall control strategy for the fresh air supply. The results provide useful information for both engineers and architects when examining ways to reduce new and existing buildings running costs, and conform to new legislation.