Bi-level multi-objective mathematical model for job-shop scheduling: the application of Theory of Constraints

This study highlights a different systematic approach to the application of Theory of Constraints (TOC). The work describes the decisions involved in the implementation of TOC in a job-shop environment as a bi-level multi-objective mathematical model. On the first level, the decision is made by minimising idle time on the bottleneck to generate the initial schedule. The second level decision is to improve additional performance measurements by applying the multi-objective technique, while maintaining the bottleneck sequence obtained from the first level decision. Moreover, the concept of transfer lot is also adopted in this model to reduce the waiting time on each machine by allowing overlapped operations. The concept of transfer lot is applied as the constraint on earliest starting time for each job on each machine in the proposed mathematical model. Additionally, the machine set up time and product demands are also adopted to make the model practical to use in the real situation. The numerical examples for both single and multiple bottleneck cases are given to demonstrate how this approach works. The commercially available optimiser, the LINGO 10 software package, is used to solve the examples and the result shows how this approach works in practice.     

Value enhancement in a dynamic environment—a constraint management expert system for the oil refinery industry

This paper analyses a case study of a dynamic expert system which was developed according to the theory of constraints (TOC) approach, and implemented at the Ashdod refinery of Oil Refineries Ltd in Israel, as part of an overall improvement process based on the focused management philosophy. The unique feature of the system is its ability to cope with dynamic bottlenecks typical of the continuous process industry, as well as frequent shifts from an external market constraint to internal capacity constraints. The paper examines the development and implementation stages, describes the expert system along with the new process control, and evaluates its impact. The system creates a dynamic, effective and immediate link between the production planning and the operation control, which enables the oil refinery to maximize its profits. During the first two years of its use, the system generated over $3 million of estimated benefits. Finally, we suggest practical implications to assist organizations in developing and utilizing similar applications, emphasizing knowledge gathering and maintenances, which are the major challenges facing expert systems projects.     

污染源废水中TOC与COD的相关性研究

采用岛津公司的TOC自动分析仪测定不同行业的工业废水和污水处理厂排水中的TOC,同时用实验室的标准方法测定COD。将获得的数据运用统计学的方法加以回归分析,建立线性回归方程,进行相关性检验;并利用回归方程将TOG值换算成COD值后,与实验室分析的实测值比较,计算相对误差。结果表明,涉及的14家企业排放废水中的TOC与COD之间均存在显著的相关性,相关系数为0．718～0．981（各家企业的有效样本数为12～20）;其中9家企业计算的相对误差均小于20％,可以满足污染源水质在线监测的要求,而其余5家企业由于排放废水的成分比较复杂或发生变化,计算的相对误差较大,其定量关系可根据实际情况加以修正。该研究对目前国家实施的节能减排和有机污染物总量控制等举措具有重要意义。     

在线总有机碳分析应用于清洁验证的可行性研究

探讨在线总有机碳（TOC）分析在清洁验证中的应用。方法：在线TOC分析方法经验证后,结合具体设计方案进行在线总有机碳在清洁验证中的实证研究。结论：在线TOC分析在清洁验证中应用具有可行性,能够在为企业节约成本的同时提升产品质量。     

水质在线监测COD/TOC/UV自动测量仪比较研究

水质监测是用科学的方法监视和检测反映环境水质及其变化趋势的各种数据的过程 ,其核心内容是监测与分析评价水资源的质量状况及其变化规律 ,为国家和各级政府开发利用、管理与保护水资源提供科学依据。在我国 ,水体的有机污染是水质污染的主要问题 ,其中主要是工业废水和城市污水造成。因此 ,采用在线自动监测仪器对污染源进行自动监测 ,是治理越来越严重的环境污染的良好基础。本文通过对用于水质在线监测的COD、TOC、UV自动测量仪的工作原理、测试方法、性能特点等的比较研究 ,揭示三者之间的内在联系     

订货型企业基于约束理论的订单排产优化研究

基于约束理论，对订货型企业的客户订单优势因素与瓶颈资源确定准则进行了分析，并引入了“虚拟订单”的概念；通过对客户订单进行分解，建立了“虚拟订单”的数据结构和优势准则；基于该准则给出了订单投产排序优化的启发式算法，并成功地进行了实践。     

TOC在TRIZ理论的冲突确定中的应用

介绍了TRIZ理论在产品创新设计中的应用，并指出确定冲突是有效应用TRIZ理论的前提，TRIZ理论本身对如何确定设计中的冲突未给出操作性强的方法。为了有效地解决此问题，将TOC方法应用到设计问题的冲突确定过程中，为产品设计中冲突的确定提供一个新的途径。最后以一工程实例说明此方法的实际应用。     

去除海水中TOC的新型药剂试验研究

为了验证LY-K01新型药剂在TOC去除率上的高效性,拟定了该药剂与传统药剂对海水TOC处理的对比实验,并对其实验方法与实验步骤进行了介绍,结合该药剂的药剂机理得出该处理药剂可真正做到将氧化、吸附、混凝结合为一体,效果良好,值得推广使用。     

Characteristics of trihalomethane (THM) production and associated health risk assessment in swimming pool waters treated with different disinfection methods

Swimming pool water must be treated to prevent infections caused by microbial pathogens. In Korea, the most commonly used disinfection methods include the application of chlorine, ozone/chlorine, and a technique that uses electrochemically generated mixed oxidants (EGMOs). The purpose of this study was to estimate the concentrations of total trihalomethanes (TTHMs) in indoor swimming pools adopting these disinfection methods, and to examine the correlations between the concentrations of THMs and TTHMs and other factors affecting the production of THMs. We also estimated the lifetime cancer risks associated with various exposure pathways by THMs in swimming pools. Water samples were collected from 183 indoor swimming pools in Seoul, Korea, and were analyzed for concentrations of each THM, TOC, and the amount of KMnO₄ consumption. The free chlorine residual and the pH of the pool water samples were also measured. The geometric mean concentrations of TTHMs in the swimming pool waters were 32.9 ± 2.4 µg/L for chlorine, 23.3 ± 2.2 µg/L for ozone/chlorine, and 58.2 ± 1.7 µg/L for EGMO. The concentrations of THMs differed significantly among the three treatment methods, and the correlation between THMs and TTHMs and the other factors influencing THMs varied. The lifetime cancer risk estimation showed that, while risks from oral ingestion and dermal exposure to THMs are mostly less than 10^− 6, which is the negligible risk level defined by the US EPA, however swimmers can be at the greater risk from inhalation exposure (7.77 × 10^− 4-1.36 × 10^− 3).     

Carbon dioxide emission and its regulation at land–water interface downstream of a point source at Ganga River (India)

The streams and rivers are considered hotspots of CO₂ exchange; and representative direct CO₂ emission measurements are essential for a correct regional estimate. We measured CO₂ emission flux at 15 sites at land–water interface downstream of a point source during low flow for three consecutive months for the year 2017. The general range of CO₂ efflux observed here was close to the results of regional studies, although values near the point source were disproportionately high (>350 mg/m²/h). CO₂ emission flux showed strong dependence on total organic carbon (TOC; R² = 0.96; P < 0.001), (R² = 0.88; P < 0.001), soluble reactive‐P (SRP; R² = 0.91; P < 0.001) and microbial activity measured in terms of fluorescein diacetate activity (FDAase; R² = 0.92; P < 0.001) and substrate induced respiration (SIR; R² = 0.96; P < 0.001). Because point source‐associated interfaces provide heterogeneous habitats, our study suggests the need for large scale monitoring of CO₂ emission at land–water interface of major rivers for more correctly presenting the regional scale CO₂ budget.