An overview on novel thermal barrier coatings

Thermal barrier coatings (TBCs) offer the potential to significantly improve efficiencies of aero engines as well as stationary gas turbines for power generation. On internally cooled turbine parts, temperature gradients of the order of 100-150℃ can be achieved. TBCs, typically consisting of an yttrium stabilized zirconia top coat and a metallic bond coat deposited onto a superalloy substrate, are mainly used to extend lifetime. Further efficiency improvements require TBCs being an integral part of the component which requires reliable and predictable TBC performance. TBCs produced by electron beam physical vapor deposition (EbPVD) or plasma spray (PS) deposition are favored for high performance applications. The paper highlights critical R&D needs for advanced TBC systems with a special focus on reduced thermal conductivity and life prediction needs. To further enhance the efficiency of gas turbines, higher temperature and a longer lifetime of the coating are needed for the next generation of TBCs. This paper presents the development of new materials, new deposition technologies, and new concept for application as novel TBCs. This paper summarizes the basic properties of conventional thermal barrier coatings. Based on our own investigation, we reviewed the progress on materials and technologies of novel thermal barrier coatings. Except yttria stabilized zirconia, other materials such as lanthanum zirconate and rare earth oxides are also promising materials for thermal barrier coatings. Nanostructure thermal barrier coating is presented as a new concept. This paper also summarizes the technologies for depositing the thermal barrier coatings.     

纳米结构表面液体沸腾传热的分子动力学模拟

为了从纳米尺度了解表面结构和润湿性对池沸腾液体与固体壁面的传热性能,本文采用分子动力学方法研究了超亲水至超疏水不同润湿性的液体氩在光滑表面和含凹、凸半球纳米结构表面的沸腾传热过程,分析了三种表面上液氩在受热过程的形态、温度、热流密度等相关参数的变化情况。结果表明,液氩层沸腾过程大致可分为液氩层吸附于固体表面和液氩层从壁面脱离两个加热阶段,当液氩层吸附于固体表面时,温度升高、热流密度及气态氩原子产生速度均大于液氩层脱离壁面时的情况,在这两个阶段亲水表面上氩原子温度变化有明显的拐点,而疏水表面在两个阶段加热过程相差不大。亲水表面上的微结构能吸附更多液氩原子,促进了气泡产生及加速温度、热流密度的变化,而在疏水及超疏水微结构表面,微纳结构与液氩间的气膜层促进了气泡产生,计算结果为池沸腾传热及微结构选择提供了理论依据。     

木质素荧光研究进展

木质素是植物细胞壁荧光的主要来源,是一种天然高分子荧光材料,但木质素的荧光机理和调控机制不明确,制约了其荧光特性的高值利用。本文从木质素荧光团化学结构的筛选和木质素荧光团间聚集耦合态的研究两方面出发,系统地综述了木质素荧光的研究现状,并分别对其研究思路和存在的科学问题进行了总结和凝练。分析表明,首先,由于木质素的自吸收效应和荧光淬灭剂的存在,仅从荧光强度和发射波长两方面筛选与真实木质素荧光相近的模型物作为其荧光团的结论存在一定局限性;其次,木质素荧光团间存在相互作用,单独分析木质素荧光团的化学结构意义有限,木质素真实发光基团是这些荧光团间的聚集耦合态;再次,在木质素微结构聚集行为研究和聚集诱导发光理论的基础上,已从宏观层面明确了木质素胶团间和胶团内两种基本聚集行为对其荧光的影响规律和作用机制,今后的研究应完善木质素聚集荧光行为的关联模型,并从微观分子层面深入揭示木质素荧光团间的耦合机制;最后,木质素荧光并非是一个单纯的光物理性质研究,更是一个由木质素化学结构解析、木质素微结构调控、木质素激发态能量转移等多方向交叉形成的综合性课题,揭示木质素荧光机制仍然是一个具有挑战性的工作,进而会对木质素其他方向的研究起到促进作用。     

Synthesis,structural characterization and properties of novel functional poly(ether imide)/titania nanocomposite thin films

In this study, the synthesis, morphology, and thermal properties of new poly(ether imide)/titania nanohybrid films were investigated. The novel diamine containing functional nitrile groups was prepared in two steps by the nucleophilic substitution reaction and it was fully characterized by different techniques. Reaction of this diamine with pyromellitic dianhydride and 4-aminobenzoic acid gave poly(ether imide) with carboxylic acid end groups. This acid functionalized poly(ether imide) was condense with different amount of TiO₂ nanoparticles to provide organic-inorganic bonding, and the flexible films of these hybrid were prepared. The obtained materials were characterized by Fourier transform-infrared spectroscopy, thermogravimetry analysis (TGA), differential scanning calorimetry, X-ray powder diffraction, UV–Vis spectroscopy, field emission-scanning electron microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) techniques. TEM of the nanohybrid films with 12% of TiO₂ contents confirms well dispersion of nanoparticles in the polymer matrix. TGA data indicated that the thermal behavior of the hybrid materials was increased with an increasing the content of TiO₂ nanoparticles. The tensile stress–strain of the hybrids was investigated and the resulting nanocomposites showed good mechanical properties. The permeability and selectivity of the PEI/TiO₂ membranes as a function of the titania weight percentage were study and the results indicated that the permeabilities of CO₂ and N₂ increase with increasing the titania content.     

纳米银的置换反应制备及其表征

通过对纳米银的制备和结构表征,研究贵金属纳米材料的制备方法和纳米结构。采用硝酸银和锌反应置换银纳米粒子,与传统化学还原法相比,工艺简单,无需添加保护剂和活性剂。采用光学显微镜、XRD、SEM、TEM、SAED等手段,表征纳米材料的尺寸、形貌、组成和晶体结构。结果表明,反应所得的产物为银枝晶结构,面心立方晶体。每个银枝晶都由主干、二次分枝、三次分枝组成,具有自相似性。     

Sintering behavior of a nanostructured thermal barrier coating deposited using electro-sprayed particles

During high temperature service, a series of microstructure and phase evolutions occur in thermal barrier coatings (TBCs), which result in degradation of thermal insulation and durability. In this study, the sintering behavior of an air plasma sprayed 8 wt% YSZ coating deposited using electro-sprayed nanostructured particles (ESP) as feedstock powder was investigated and compared with conventional YSZ coating deposited using hollow spherical powders (HOSP). Due to the distinct asymmetric porous structure formed by nanosized YSZ particles, the ESP powder was partially melted in the plasma jet during the deposition, which resulted in the formation of a nanostructured coating that consisted of porous nanozones and dense zones. The ESP coating not only shows a significantly lower initial thermal conductivity of 0.70 W/mK, but also exhibits a stronger sintering resistance in terms of phase stability and thermal insulation compared to the conventional coating. When subjected to prolonged sintering at 1400°C for 128 hours, the thermal conductivity of the ESP coating would gradually increase to about half that of the HOSP coating at 1.29 W/mK. These differences are ascribed to the interaction among different sintering behavior between nanozones and dense zones.     

纳米结构TiO2/SiO2的制备、结构与光催化性能

用自组装技术合成了纳米TiO2包覆的SiO2粒子.其中TiO2胶体通过溶胶-凝胶方法得到.讨论了不同晶型负载TiO2的合成条件及光催化性.样品经IR,SEM,XRD等进行表征.实验结果表明:SiO2粒子表面的纳米TiO2具有较好的均匀性;TiO2的含量随覆盖层的增加而增多;组装两层样品具有较大的比表面;经100℃干燥可得到不同晶型的纳米TiO2,且锐钛矿型含量较高的纳米TiO2组装粒子具有较好的光催化性能,     

超双疏含氟聚合物的研究进展

超双疏功能性材料在当代化工材料中有着重要的地位,其独特的界面性能使得其在各个领域的应用中大显身手。本文介绍了近年来国内外对含氟聚合物在超双疏领域的研究近况,包括超双疏含氟聚合物的结构特点和合成方法等。含氟聚合物的表面拥有超低的表面能和独特的空间排列方式,通过对比不同结构的含氟聚合物分子与其性能的关系以及对各类含氟聚合物合成方法的调研,发现含氟聚合物作为超双疏涂层材料的使用十分广泛,其结构中含氟单体主要为氟取代丙烯酸酯类,合成方法多为乳液聚合。超疏水含氟聚合物与纳米颗粒材料的结合是当今研究的热点,文中列举了大量研究实例,希望其中的研究方法和合成路线等能对今后该领域的研究起到一定的借鉴作用。     

Robust,low haze and graded porous anti-reflective glass by Tailoring the Nanostructures

Low haze and anti-reflective glass has high potential applications in automobile and optoelectronic fields. Etching is a novel and effective method to fabricate gradient refractive index anti-reflective layer on glass surface. However, the gradient layer on glass surface prepared by the etching method usually characterizes rough porous structure, and the structural defect results in high haze and low abrasion resistance to restrict its applications. In this paper, a hydrothermal etching method has been explored to prepare anti-reflective glass. It has demonstrated to be a new and facile method successfully to tailor the porous nanostructure of gradient refractive index layer and largely decrease the haze of the glass, by adding complex compound in the etching solution. Compared with the etching solution containing NaOH, adding the complex compound of C₆H₅Na₃O₇ in the etching solution has the advantage to overcome the defects. The grain diameter of the graded porous anti-reflective film decreases from ~63 nm to ~18 nm, the etched film thickness increases from 0.44 μm to 1.55 μm, the haze decreases drastically from 23.76% to 1.00%, the reflectivity decreases from 5.88% to 1.08% and the abrasion resistance greatly increases. However, when changing the complex compound from C₆H₅Na₃O₇ to Na₂HPO₄, the haze is 23.44% and has no effect on decreasing haze. Structural characterizations show that the grain size in the porous gradient layer can be easily tailored by changing the ion radius of complex anion in the etching solution, and the optical properties can be controlled. The paper provides new insights into the nanostructures and the preparation approach of anti-reflective glass.     

Immunomodulatory Properties and Osteogenic Activity of Polyetheretherketone Coated with Titanate Nanonetwork Structures

Polyetheretherketone (PEEK) is a potential substitute for conventional metallic biomedical implants owing to its superior mechanical and chemical properties, as well as biocompatibility. However, its inherent bio-inertness and poor osseointegration limit its use in clinical applications. Herein, thin titanium films were deposited on the PEEK substrate by plasma sputtering, and porous nanonetwork structures were incorporated on the PEEK surface by alkali treatment (PEEK-TNS). Changes in the physical and chemical characteristics of the PEEK surface were analyzed to establish the interactions with cell behaviors. The osteoimmunomodulatory properties were evaluated using macrophage cells and osteoblast lineage cells. The functionalized nanostructured surface of PEEK-TNS effectively promoted initial cell adhesion and proliferation, suppressed inflammatory responses, and induced macrophages to anti-inflammatory M2 polarization. Compared with PEEK, PEEK-TNS provided a more beneficial osteoimmune environment, including increased levels of osteogenic, angiogenic, and fibrogenic gene expression, and balanced osteoclast activities. Furthermore, the crosstalk between macrophages and osteoblast cells showed that PEEK-TNS could provide favorable osteoimmunodulatory environment for bone regeneration. PEEK-TNS exhibited high osteogenic activity, as indicated by alkaline phosphatase activity, osteogenic factor production, and the osteogenesis/osteoclastogenesis-related gene expression of osteoblasts. The study establishes that the fabrication of titanate nanonetwork structures on PEEK surfaces could extract an adequate immune response and favorable osteogenesis for functional bone regeneration. Furthermore, it indicates the potential of PEEK-TNS in implant applications.