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41.
42.
There is widespread application of indicators to the assessment of environmental condition of streams. These indicators are intended for use by managers in making various comparative and absolute assessments and often have a role in resource allocation and performance assessment. Therefore, the problem of formally defining confidence in the results is important but difficult because the sampling strategies used are commonly based on a compromise between the requirements of statistical rigour and the pragmatic issues of access and resources. It is rare to see this compromise explicitly considered and consequently there is seldom quantification of the uncertainty that could affect the confidence a manager has in an indicator. In this paper, we present a method for quantitatively assessing the tradeoffs between sampling density and uncertainty in meeting various monitoring objectives. Assessments using judgement‐based representative reaches are shown to be unreliable; instead a sampling approach is recommended based on the random selection of measuring sites. A detailed dataset was collected along two streams in Victoria, Australia, and the effect of sampling density was assessed by subsampling from this dataset with precision related to the number of sites assessed per reach length and the intensity of the sampling at each site. The sampling scheme to achieve a given precision is shown to depend on the monitoring objective. In particular, three objectives were considered: (1) making a baseline assessment of current condition; (2) change detection; and (3) detection of a critical threshold in condition. Change detection is shown to be more demanding than assessing baseline condition with additional sampling effort required to achieve the same precision. Sampling to detect a critical threshold depends on nominating acceptable values of Type I and II error and the size of the effect to be detected. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
43.
金沙江防洪(库容)规划的探讨 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
在分析长江灾害洪水特征的基础上,全面深入地研究了全沙江水库的防洪库客、防洪目标、防洪特点和调度原则,并对防洪库容的作用进行了估算和分析。从多方面比较了虎跳峡高坝方案与低坝方案,结果表明:高坝方案的效益明显高于低坝方案,而两者所需付出的代价相差不大。 相似文献
44.
Y. MURAKAMI K. TAKAHASHI R. KUSUMOTO 《Fatigue & Fracture of Engineering Materials & Structures》2003,26(6):523-531
ABSTRACT The fatigue crack growth behaviour of 0.47% carbon steel was studied under mode II and III loadings. Mode II fatigue crack growth tests were carried out using specially designed double cantilever (DC) type specimens in order to measure the mode II threshold stress intensity factor range, ΔKIIth. The relationship ΔKIIth > ΔKIth caused crack branching from mode II to I after a crack reached the mode II threshold. Torsion fatigue tests on circumferentially cracked specimens were carried out to study the mechanisms of both mode III crack growth and of the formation of the factory‐roof crack surface morphology. A change in microstructure occurred at a crack tip during crack growth in both mode II and mode III shear cracks. It is presumed that the crack growth mechanisms in mode II and in mode III are essentially the same. Detailed fractographic investigation showed that factory‐roofs were formed by crack branching into mode I. Crack branching started from small semi‐elliptical cracks nucleated by shear at the tip of the original circumferential crack. 相似文献
45.
叙述了VSR(The Variable Spin Regulator)调节技术在南钢气体供应公司成功应用的实例。实际运行证明,VSR调节技术具有调节灵敏、抗喘、节能、软启动等方面的技术优势。文中还简明地阐述了VSR调节技术的原理并分析比较了液偶及变频调节。 相似文献
46.
Reviews the book, Emotion-focused therapy: Coaching clients to work through their feelings by Leslie S. Greenberg (see record 2002-00066-000). This book was written for both novice therapists who have had little experience working with emotions in treatment, as well as for experienced therapists looking to systematize their understanding of how emotional change works. The book is divided into four parts. Part I examines the nature and function of emotions. Part II examines the first part of emotional coaching--arriving at emotion. Part III examines the second part of emotional coaching--leaving emotion. Finally, Part IV examines the application of emotion-focused therapy to the problems of living, in the context of individuals, couples therapy, and parenting. This book offers a wealth of therapeutic techniques and theoretical principles about the process of change. As such, it is an important and natural companion to seminal works in cognitive behaviour therapy and interpersonal therapy. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved) 相似文献
47.
The vicissitudes of the Israeli-Palestinian peace process since 1967 are analyzed using attitudes and related concepts where relevant. The 1967 war returned the two peoples' zero-sum conflict around national identity to its origin as a conflict within the land both peoples claim. Gradually, new attitudes evolved regarding the necessity and possibility of negotiations toward a two-state solution based on mutual recognition, which became the building stones of the 1993 Oslo agreement. Lacking a commitment to a final outcome, the Oslo-based peace process was hampered by reserve options, which increased avoidance at the expense of approach tendencies as the parties moved toward a final agreement. The resulting breakdown of the process in 2000 produced clashing narratives, reflecting different anchors for judgment and classical mirror images. Public support for violence increased, even as public opinion continued to favor a negotiated two-state solution. Reviving the peace process requires mutual reassurance about the availability of a partner for negotiating a principled peace based on a historic compromise that meets the basic needs and validates the identities of both peoples. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved) 相似文献
48.
ETRⅠ-30调速器是瑞士爱舍维斯工厂生产的具有PID调节规律的电液调速器。本文对其液压控制系统作了较详细的介绍,供有关人员参考。 相似文献
49.
流程离心泵变频调速的实践与探讨 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
梁永智 《石油化工设备技术》1998,19(2):28-31
探讨了变频调速在流程离心泵上应用的可行性,同时阐述了变频调速器功率的确定及其使用效果。 相似文献
50.
H9000系统在西北电网水调自动化系统工程中的应用 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
西北电网水调自动化系统主要用于自动采集管理西北电网分布在三大水系的8个水电厂、相关流域内100个水文站、200个雨量站的实时信息,以便实现水库群跨流域补偿,统一协调发电与防洪、排沙、防凌、灌溉等一系列矛盾,解决水库群综合利用问题.系统主要具有上。下特点:(1)开放的系统环境;(2)高可乘性;(3)多样化的数据规约;(4)开放的人机联系手段;(5)务性能的数据库;(6)丰富的水调应用软件.其中水调应用软件包括:(1)汉江上游石泉、安康梯级联合洪水预报;(2)黄河上游龙羊峡、李家峡、刘家峡两库三站短期(日)调度;(3)水务综合统计分析软件.西北水调自动化系统将使H9000系统在大规模网络关系数据库管理技术、高级图形处理技术、复杂网络组网技术、容措技术、水调高级应用软件技术等方面提高到一个更高的水平. 相似文献