A cost-benefit analysis of alternatively fueled buses with special considerations for V2G technology

Motivated by climate, health and economic considerations, alternatively-fueled bus fleets have emerged worldwide. Two popular alternatives are compressed natural gas (CNG) and electric vehicles. The latter provides the opportunity to generate revenue through vehicle-to-grid (V2G) services if properly equipped. This analysis conducts a robust accounting of the costs of diesel, CNG and battery-electric powertrains for school buses. Both marginal and fleet-wide scenarios are explored. Results indicate that the marginal addition of neither a small CNG nor a small V2G-enabled electric bus is cost effective at current prices. Contrary to previous findings, a small V2G-enabled electric bus increases net present costs by $7,200/seat relative to diesel for a Philadelphia, PA school district. A small CNG bus increases costs by $1,200/seat relative to diesel. This analysis is the first to quantify and include the economic implications of cold temperature extremes on electric vehicle battery operations, and the lower V2G revenues that result. Additional costs and limitations imposed by electric vehicles performing V2G are frequently overlooked in the literature and are explored here. If a variety of technical, legal, and economic challenges are overcome, a future eBus may be economical.     

环境规制、绿色创新与产业结构升级——基于省际面板数据的空间杜宾模型分析

在中国着力实现绿色经济转型和促进产业结构升级的时代背景下,如何兼顾环境规制、绿色创新与产业结构三者之间的关系,以获取环境保护、绿色技术创新、产业结构升级“三重红利”,已成为当今我国学术界研究的重要课题之一。本文基于2003—2019年中国30个省、自治区、直辖市的省级面板数据,采用空间杜宾模型,在3种权重矩阵下比较环境规制、绿色创新对产业结构升级的影响,测算出主要解释变量的直接效应、间接效应、总效应,并对我国东部、中部、西部地区的环境规制和绿色创新是否推动产业结构升级进行了实证检验。研究结果表明：1）整体上环境规制与绿色创新在3种空间权重矩阵下均具有促进产业结构合理化和产业结构高级化的作用,其中环境规制强度在地理距离矩阵下每增加1%,产业结构高级化水平将提高0 065%;绿色创新对产业结构高级化的影响在地理距离矩阵下表现最为显著,影响系数达到0 066。2）从溢出效应来看,环境规制在地理距离矩阵下能够直接促进地区产业结构高级化;绿色创新则通过空间溢出效应倒逼推动地区产业结构高级化。3）在区域异质性方面,环境规制对产业结构高级化的推动作用在西部地区表现最为突出,在东部、中部地区作用并不明显;绿色创新对产业结构高级化的正向驱动作用则呈现出西部大于中部、中部大于东部的发展趋势。我国各地区应努力提升企业的绿色创新能力与城镇化水平,积极推动高污染企业的产业转型,并遵循因地制宜的原则,通过提高环境规制强度,制定和实施地区差异化政策,以避免“污染避难所效应”式的产业转移,这对于促进我国产业结构升级,实现经济高质量绿色发展具有非常重要的现实意义。     

基于Oaxaca-Blinder分解法的区域经济发展差异研究——从环境规制角度分析#br#

区域经济发展不平衡问题,一直是理论和实践工作的热点。论文基于2005—2018年上海市和安徽省的省级面板数据探究区域经济发展的差异性原因。首先通过随机森林法筛选出除环境变量外的其他重要影响因素,再通过经典门槛回归模型找到环境规制水平的分界点,然后根据该分界点将样本划分为两阶段,最后基于Oaxaca-Blinder分解法讨论不同环境规制阶段下经济发展差异的原因。研究发现:1）环境信访数为35 217件是划分环境规制水平的分界点,且安徽省和上海市目前均处于环境库兹涅茨曲线的前半段,环境规制的“创新补偿效应”起着主导作用;2）在单个变量的Oaxaca-Blinder分解结果中,人力资本和信息化水平分别在低水平子样本和全样本中成为经济发展差异的最主要原因,其特征回报差异值分别是-3.161 3和0.092 6;3）在总体Oaxaca-Blinder分解结果中,特征回报差异在全样本中的贡献比例增加了15.28%,说明在整体水平下,安徽省的经济发展水平“歧视”程度更加显著。基于以上结论,建议国家和政府在完善公众参与型环境规制相关政策的同时,还应给予青少年创新环境与创新资源、适当调整各地财政支出以缩小区域间的经济发展差异。这不仅有助于了解不同环境规制情况下省市的经济发展状况,也能从各个角度为实现地区经济发展平衡提供方向。     

新型虚拟同步发电机分布式主动支撑控制策略

面向新能源分布式发电变流器主动支撑控制,提出了一种新型虚拟同步发电机控制策略,来实现有功-频率和无功-电压动态支撑,能够为电网的稳定提供必要的惯量和阻尼,并具备更好的多变流器协同工作能力和对电网的接入能力。首先建立同步发电机的电磁模型,提出虚拟定子绕组概念来调整变流器输出阻抗以满足微网功率解耦条件并实现多变流器间负荷分配,从而设计励磁器来实现无功-电压动态调整。同时结合转子运动方程设计调频器来实现有功-频率动态调整,并提出了虚拟励磁补偿和二次调频策略以消除电压和频率调整静差。最后,利用PSCAD/EMTDC仿真结果以及实验结果验证了所提控制策略的正确性和有效性。     

建筑废弃料对改良土壤蓄渗效果的试验及模拟研究

为了解决我国华南地区土壤质地黏重、渗透性能极差,无法及时排干随着不透水路面剧增而增长的城市径流雨水的问题,依据生物滞留池典型构造原理制备实验室自制滤柱装置,通过测试不同重现期下滤柱装置的下渗曲线,以评估不同粒径级配的建筑废弃料对土壤蓄渗的改良效果。结果表明:中小雨强下符合华南地区土壤特征和降雨条件的最优建筑废弃料粒径级配为5~9mm,且随着降雨重现期的增加,蓄渗改良效果更为明显,产渗流时间也显著提前;在SWMM中构建LID生物滞留池模块,根据试验结果进行模型率定,可为生物滞留池提供合理设定参数。研究成果拓展了建筑废弃料在低影响开发措施中的应用,以期为华南地区大规模海绵城市低影响开发措施的土壤蓄渗改造提供科学参考和评估工具。     

鄂北地区水资源配置工程节水体系研究

鄂北地区水资源配置工程是解决鄂北地区缺水的工程措施,工程从南水北调中线工程水源地饮水,水资源尤为珍贵。为了充分利用好宝贵的水资源,对鄂北地区水资源配水工程节水体系进行了研究。研究结论认为,鄂北地区水资源配置工程节水应从4个方面开展:1采取节水定额管理措施;2严把工程质量关,减少沿程输水损失;3科学调度,减少弃水;4发挥水价的杠杆作用,促进节约用水。     

川江航道整治建筑物损毁原因及维修对策研究

川江航道属典型的山区河流航道,水流湍急,流态紊乱,航道整治建筑物水毁现象比较常见。分析了整治建筑物损毁的两个主要原因：筑坝块石直接起动损毁和坝体外侧冲刷坑崩塌造成损毁,并且揭示了造成坝体损毁的内在因素。结合近年来川江航道坝体维修经验,对维修效果较好的混凝土坝面、扭王字块和钢丝石笼等结构进行了总结,分析其应用效果和存在的问题,为今后类似坝体的维修和设计提供参考。     

注塑机变频同步控制器的研制

传统注塑成型过程要求变频器能迅速切换速度以满足系统所需压力和流量,而产生的冲击电流须通过增加变频器的容量来吸收。介绍一种同步控制器,可根据工艺信号提前改变变频器的输出,为其速度的变化提供缓冲时间,保护了变频器并使其容量与系统所需容量相匹配。较为详尽地阐述了同步控制器的组成及工作原理。实践证明:同步控制器运行稳定、可靠,有效地降低了冲击电流。     

Regulation of memory accuracy with multiple answers: The plurality option.

We report two experiments that investigated the regulation of memory accuracy with a new regulatory mechanism: the plurality option. This mechanism is closely related to the grain-size option but involves control over the number of alternatives contained in an answer rather than the quantitative boundaries of a single answer. Participants were presented with a slideshow depicting a robbery (Experiment 1) or a murder (Experiment 2), and their memory was tested with five-alternative multiple-choice questions. For each question, participants were asked to generate two answers: a single answer consisting of one alternative and a plural answer consisting of the single answer and two other alternatives. Each answer was rated for confidence (Experiment 1) or for the likelihood of being correct (Experiment 2), and one of the answers was selected for reporting. Results showed that participants used the plurality option to regulate accuracy, selecting single answers when their accuracy and confidence were high, but opting for plural answers when they were low. Although accuracy was higher for selected plural than for selected single answers, the opposite pattern was evident for confidence or likelihood ratings. This dissociation between confidence and accuracy for selected answers was the result of marked overconfidence in single answers coupled with underconfidence in plural answers. We hypothesize that these results can be attributed to overly dichotomous metacognitive beliefs about personal knowledge states that cause subjective confidence to be extreme. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2011 APA, all rights reserved)     

库车阿艾煤矿区煤的变质规律研究

通过对库车阿艾煤矿区地层、构造和煤质变化特征的分析，论述了该矿区煤的变质规律，预测了库一拜煤田的煤类分布，为寻找和勘查炼焦用煤或其它工业用煤提供了理论依据。