相变微胶囊悬浮液储能系统放冷特性实验研究

利用相变材料定温储能特性,搭建了以水为换热流体、相变微胶囊（MPCM）悬浮液为储能介质的潜热储能系统。采用放冷速率、相变完成率、单位体积放冷量和对流传热系数表征实验系统的放冷特性,通过该潜热储能系统与以纯水为工作介质的显热储能系统的对比,分析了循环水体积流量以及搅拌速率对系统放冷性能的影响。结果表明：MPCM主要在17~19℃范围内发生相变,当悬浮液温度到达20℃时,其相变完成率接近90%;增大循环水流量可以提高放冷速率,循环水体积流量为6 L·min^-1时,MPCM悬浮液的放冷速率在相变区间最高可达1.52 kW,相较于显热储能系统提升了70%;在0~200 r·min^-1的范围内,增大搅拌速率可增大MPCM悬浮液的单位体积放冷量和对流传热系数,搅拌速率为200 r·min^-1时,MPCM悬浮液的单位体积放冷量和对流传热系数分别为73.86 MJ·m^-3和2176 W·m^-2·K^-1,比显热储能系统分别高1.66倍和1.87倍。     

水平振动抛磨颗粒介质流场特性分析

目的 探索不同振动参数下水平振动抛磨颗粒介质的流动模式和流场特性.方法 基于离散元法(DEM),对水平振动抛磨工艺下的颗粒介质运动特性进行模拟,分析颗粒介质的流场特征和不同参数下颗粒介质的流态变化,研究颗粒介质床层高度比、空区变化和对流面积比对整个颗粒系统对流强度的影响,以及颗粒介质的平均速度对流场的影响,并通过高速摄影速度测试实验验证模拟的有效性.结果 在外部振动作用下,颗粒介质流场可分为对流区、混流区和稳流区3个区域.随着频率的增加,颗粒介质的平均速度在18 Hz达到最大,然后减小.随着振幅的增加,颗粒介质的平均速度增大.颗粒介质的床层高度比、空区和对流面积比的变化与平均速度随振动参数的变化趋势一致.结论 随着振幅增大或是频率达到18 Hz左右时,平均速度变大,颗粒介质床层逐渐由上层到下层从只有稳流类固态转变为有对流与混流的类液态.颗粒介质的平均速度与对流强度的变化趋势一致,因此可通过前者预测后者的变化,而且增加振幅比增加频率能够更有效地提升对流的流化程度.     

Modulating fluid rheology and confinement toward augmenting the performance of a double layered microchannel heat sink

The improvement of the cooling performance of liquid-cooled microchannel heat sinks used for densely packed electronic circuits is sorted via passive techniques like tuning substrate or coolant properties. We propose a design for enhancing heat sink performance by simulataneously modifying the channel geometry and tuning the fluid rheology. By modeling the coolant as a power law fluid, its rheological behavior is varied ranging from shear-thinning to shear-thickening, alongside Newtonian fluid. We introduced tapering to the middle wall that separates the bottom and top channels of a double layered microchannel heat sink (DL-MCHS), causing both channels to converge. This convergence not only increases the flow velocity within the downstream microchannel but also reduces the apparent viscosity of the shear-thinning fluid being subjected to shear, resulting in enhanced thermal and hydraulic performance. We analyze the results from both the first and the second law of thermodynamics context, demonstrating that a tapered DL-MCHS with shear-thinning fluid outperforms a straight partition wall DL-MCHS with Newtonian coolant. However, we also discovered that extreme tapering compromises thermodynamic viability, but by fine-tuning the extent of tapering, we inferred that a DL-MCHS with shear-thinning fluid can become viable with little compromise in the thermal performance.     

Effects of Ion Advection and Thermal Convection on Pore Pressure Changes in High Permeable Chemically Active Shale Formations

Wellbore instability problems are often encountered while drilling in water active shales due to changes in pore pressure. The change in pore pressure is caused by hydraulic, thermal, chemical, and electrical potential gradients. In all previous studies it has been found that the effects of ion advection and thermal convection have a negligible effect on changes in pore pressure for a range of very low permeable shale formations (>10^?5 md). This is an appropriate assumption for very low permeable shale formations. For high permeable shale formations (e.g., shale with a disseminated microfissure network), however, thermal convection and ion advection can play a significant role. The authors present a hydro-chemo-thermo-electrical model based on finite element method to investigate the effect of advection on ion transfer and thermal convection on temperature and their combined effect on pore pressure in shale formations. All equations are based on the thermodynamics of irreversible processes in a discontinuous system. The characteristic Galerkin discretization method is used to stabilize the solution of advection and convection equations in the finite element approach. Results of this study revealed that ion and heat transfer are controlled primarily by permeability of the shale formations. Movement of fluid into or out of the formation is due to a combination of hydraulic, chemical, electrical, and thermal osmotic flow. Results have also shown that in high permeable shale formations the chemical potential gradient between the pore fluid and drilling fluid reaches equilibrium faster than in low permeable shale formations. This is mainly due to the advection of ion from drilling fluid to the shale formation.     

不同土壤对输气管道泄漏扩散影响模拟分析

针对埋地输气管道泄漏气体在土壤中的迁移过程,以FLUENT软件为平台,研究了泄漏气体在土壤中的对流扩散规律,得到泄漏后的气体会在管道泄漏口形成椭球形的高浓度区,以浓度差为主要推动力的横向扩散小于以压力差为主要推动力的纵向对流,该结论与全尺度试验结论吻合。以甲烷爆炸下限扩散半径与地面甲烷质量分数的变化为尺度,研究了土壤性质包括土壤孔隙率、土壤含水率、土壤密度对气体对流扩散行为的影响,得出土壤孔隙率才是影响气体对流扩散行为的重要因素。模拟所得结论为埋地管道泄漏风险评估、事故应急疏散、管道设计与施工等提供了参考。     

The Use of Cryogenic Helium for Classical Turbulence: Promises and Hurdles

Fluid turbulence is a paradigm for non-linear systems with many degrees of freedom and important in numerous applications. Because the analytical understanding of the equations of motion is poor, experiments and, lately, direct numerical simulations of the equations of motion, have been fundamental to making progress. In this vein, a concerted experimental effort has been made to take advantage of the unique properties of liquid and gaseous helium at low temperatures near or below the critical point. We discuss the promise and impact of results from recent helium experiments and identify the current technical barriers which can perhaps be removed by low temperature researchers. We focus mainly on classical flows that utilize helium above the lambda line, but touch on those aspects below that exhibit quasi-classical behavior.     

Effect of cathode gas diffusion layer on water transport and cell performance in direct methanol fuel cells

The optimal design of the cathode gas diffusion layer (GDL) for direct methanol fuel cells (DMFCs) is not only to attain better cell performance, but also to achieve better water management for the DMFC system. In this work, the effects of both the PTFE loading in the cathode backing layer (BL) as well as in the micro-porous layer (MPL) and the carbon loading in the MPL on both water transport and cell performance were investigated experimentally. The experimental data showed that with the presence of a hydrophobic MPL in the GDL, the water-crossover flux through the membrane decreased slightly with increasing the PTFE loading in the BL. However, a higher PTFE loading in the BL not only lowered cell performance, but also resulted in an unstable discharging process. It was also found that the PTFE loading in the MPL had little effect on the water-crossover flux, but its effect on cell performance was substantial: the 40-wt% PTFE loading in the MPL was found to be the optimal value to achieve the best performance. The experimental results further showed that increasing the carbon loading in the MPL significantly lowered the water-crossover flux, but a too high carbon loading would decrease the cell performance as the result of the increased oxygen transport resistance; the 2.0-mg C cm⁻² carbon loading was found to exhibit the best performance.     

Effect of curvature on thermocapillary‐buoyancy convection in a shallow annular pool

In order to understand the influence of curvature on thermocapillary‐buoyancy convection in a differentially heated annular pool with an outer heated cylinder ($ro=40 mm$) and an inner cooled cylinder (r_i=20 or 10 mm), a series of unsteady two‐dimensional numerical simulations using the finite‐volume method was conducted. The pool was filled with 0.65 cSt silicone oil (Prandtl number Pr=6.7); its depth changed from 0.5 to 1.5 mm. Simulation results show that the flows with different curvature are all stable at small temperature differences. Increasing the temperature difference, the flow transition to an oscillatory flows occurs. The critical temperature difference, depending on the curvature of annulus, is determined. It was found that there is a good agreement between the simulation and the experiment results on the critical temperature difference. ©2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heat Trans Asian Res, 36(4): 187– 197, 2007; Published online in Wiley InterScience ( www.interscience.wiley.com ). DOI 10.1002/htj.20157     

Steady‐state heat flux measurements in radiative and mixed radiative–convective environments

The steady‐state responses of four heat flux gauges (Schmidt–Boelter, Gardon, directional flame thermometer (DFT) and hemispherical heat flux gauge (HFG)) were examined under various radiative and convective heating conditions. In radiative environments, Gardon measurements were up to 8% higher than Schmidt–Boelter measurements, but in mixed radiative–convective environments, Gardon measurements were 8–18% below those of the Schmidt–Boelter gauge. This difference increased as the convective portion of the total heat transfer increased, due to discrepancies between the radiation‐based calibration environment and the application environment. The DFT data in radiative environments were comparable with the Schmidt–Boelter and Gardon values (within 12%), with the difference largely attributed to natural convection losses from the DFT. In mixed environments, the DFT values were significantly lower than those of the Schmidt–Boelter gauge due to differences in the surface temperatures of the gauges, resulting in the convective flow cooling, rather than heating, the DFT. The HFG heat flux estimates were 35–48% lower than the Schmidt–Boelter measurements under radiative conditions, influenced by large conduction losses from the sensor plate to the gauge housing. Lateral conduction due to a mismatch between the experimental convective flow outlet diameter and the gauge width also affected results from the DFT and HFG. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

变对流换热系数时针状肋片中的传热分析

本文以针状肋为研究对象，对换热系数沿长度方向变化时肋片中的传热进行了分析与求解，并提出了当量换热系数的概念．使变换热系数问题可转化为常换热系数问题来分析．文中还给出了对变截面的肋片进行数值求解得到的结果．