Dynamics of polymer electrolyte fuel cells undergoing load changes

Numerical simulations are carried out for a single-channel polymer electrolyte fuel cell (PEFC) undergoing a step increase in current density. The objective is to elucidate profound interactions between the cell voltage response and water transport dynamics occurring in a low-humidity PEFC where the membrane hydration and hence resistance hinges upon the product water. Detailed results are presented to show that a step increase in the current density leads to anode dryout due to electroosmotic drag, while it takes several seconds for water back-diffusion and anode humidified gas to re-wet the anode side of the polymer membrane. The water redistribution process is controlled by water production, membrane hydration, electroosmotic drag, and water diffusion in the membrane. The anode dryout results in a substantial drop in cell voltage and hence temporary power loss. Under extreme situations such as dry anode feed, large step increase in the current density, and/or lower temperatures, the cell voltage may even reverse, resulting in not only power loss but also cell degradation. Finally, the dynamics of current distribution after a step change in gas humidification is numerically examined.     

燃料乙醇发展现状和前景展望

介绍了国内外燃料乙醇的发展现状以及我国对于发展燃料乙醇的相关政策,从成本、原料、粮食安全、市场及经济性方面进行了分析,建议应借助人大立法,保证燃料乙醇推广的顺利进行;政府应制定补贴、免征税收等政策并及时落实;积极推进燃料乙醇新技术的开发工作;扩大燃料乙醇应用范围,推进燃料乙醇的应用进程;开展乙醇化工的研究。     

Electro-oxidation of dimethyl ether on Pt/C and PtMe/C catalysts in sulfuric acid

The electro-oxidation of dimethyl ether (DME) on PtMe/Cs (Me = Ru, Sn, Mo, Cr, Ni, Co, and W) and Pt/C electro-catalysts were investigated in an aqueous half-cell, and compared to the methanol oxidation. The addition of a second metal enhanced the tolerance of Pt to the poisonous species during the DME oxidation reaction (DOR). The PtRu/C electro-catalyst showed the best electro-catalytic activity and the highest tolerance to the poisonous species in the low over-potential range (<0.55 V, 50 °C) among the binary electro-catalysts and the Pt/C, but at the higher potential (>ca. 0.55 V, 50 °C), the Pt/C behaved better than PtRu/C. The apparent activation energy for the DOR decreased in the order: PtRu/C (57 kJ mol⁻¹) > Pt₃Sn/C (48 kJ mol⁻¹) ≈ Pt/C (46 kJ mol⁻¹). On the other hand, the activation energy for the MOR showed a different turn, decreased in the following order: Pt/C (43 kJ mol⁻¹) > Pt₃Sn/C (35 kJ mol⁻¹) ≈ PtRu/C (34 kJ mol⁻¹). The temperature dependence of the DOR was greater than that of the oxidation of methanol (MOR) on the PtRu/C.     

撞击式浓淡分离器与弯头组合数值模拟研究

煤粉浓淡燃烧技术在稳燃、防结渣、低NOx排放等方面具有良好的性能,近年来得到了广泛应用。四角切圆锅炉的煤粉管道一般在燃烧器前有弯头,利用数值模拟的方法,分析了撞击式浓淡分离器与弯头间的相互影响,计算了不同弯头与浓淡分离器组合形式下,管道内的流场和煤粉颗粒浓缩效率。     

锅炉等离子点火技术的应用及燃油系统选择

适用于贫煤、烟煤、褐煤,可连续运行的多根碳棒等离子点火技术,较前苏联采用银棒等离子点火技术具有造价低、使用寿命长等优点。以包头第二热电厂为例,对采用等离子点火技术前后的运行情况分析比较,经济效益可观。针对丰镇电厂三期2×600MW机组,设计采用等离子无油点火技术,对燃油系统进行了优化选择,简化了油罐设置。工程具有显著的经济效益和环境效益。     

Application of advanced core process monitoring procedures in German power reactors

The nuclear reactor core design and the nuclear fuel management have been changed remarkable during the last few years. This development was initiated by increasing costs for the fuel recycling and nuclear waste storage. The fuel material, the fuel pellet fabrication, the fuel assembly structure and the core composition have been varied to get an effective fuel exploitation. Based on advanced core process conditions the reactor power and the fuel burn-up have been increased at German plants in recent years. Improved dynamic process monitoring procedures are required to get more information about the varied core process behaviour during the reactor operation. Since several years ISTec has been performed investigations to the process monitoring based on process signal measurements in German nuclear power plants. Using the standard instrumentation of the plants process signals have been measured and analysed by means of the digital data acquisition system SIGMA. The measured time signals are influenced by core process transients, global and local process fluctuations and by signal line transfer functions. Advanced time series analysis methods have been applied to separate different process effects in the multiple signal matrix. The separation of different process influences can improve significantly the information about the process condition in the reactor core.     

252Cf中子活化核燃料棒235U富集度均匀性检测装置

采用^252Cf中子活化方法研制燃料棒^235U富集度均匀性检测设备，用慢化后的^252Cf中子照射燃料棒，使燃料棒UO2芯块中的^235U发生裂变，通过测量其裂变产物的γ射线总强度对燃料棒^235U富集度及其均匀性进行在线检测。采用1．2mg的^252Cf中子源，能检测出燃料棒中^235U富集度相对偏差土10％的单个混料芯块，单根燃料棒的检测速度可达7m/min，检测结果的置信概率为97．74％。     

大亚湾核电站实施18个月换料的放射性后果评估

针对大亚湾核电站实施18个月换料技术改造的特点，计算了大亚湾核电站在正常运行工况下以及各种设计基准事故工况下对周围环境的放射性后果。计算结果表明，大亚湾核电站实施18个月换料技术改造后，正常运行工况安全设施的性能满足GB6249－86的要求。     

柴油机连杆调质工艺的研究

提出了一套柴油机连杆调质处理的新工艺，使连杆在没有显微裂纹的情况下得到合适的显微组织和硬度。