The influence of n-butanol/diesel fuel blends utilization on a small diesel engine performance and emissions

Nitrogen oxides and smoke emissions are the most significant emissions for the diesel engines. Especially, fuels containing high-level oxygen content can have potential to reduce smoke emissions significantly. The aim of the present study is to evaluate the influence of n-butanol/diesel fuel blends (as an oxygenation additive for the diesel fuel) on engine performance and exhaust emissions in a small diesel engine. For this aim five-test fuels, B5 (contains 5% n-butanol and 95% diesel fuel in volume basis), B10, B15, B20 and neat diesel fuel, were prepared to test in a diesel engine. Tests were performed in a single cylinder, four stroke, unmodified, and naturally aspirated DI high speed diesel engine at constant engine speed (2600 rpm) and four different engine loads by using five-test fuels. The experimental test results showed that smoke opacity, nitrogen oxides, and carbon monoxide emissions reduced while hydrocarbon emissions increased with the increasing n-butanol content in the fuel blends. In addition, there is an increase in the brake specific fuel consumption and in the brake thermal efficiency with increasing n-butanol content in fuel blends. Also, exhaust gas temperature decreased with increasing n-butanol content in the fuel blends.     

Droplet size distribution and evaporation characteristics of fuel spray by a swirl type atomizer

Spray atomization and evaporation play extremely important roles in mixture formation and combustion processes of direct injection (DI) gasoline engines. In this study, the fundamental characteristics of a swirl spray injected into a constant volume vessel are investigated by means of several laser diagnostic techniques including the laser diffraction-based method for droplet size distribution, the laser induced fluorescence-particle image velocimetry for velocity distributions of droplets and spray-induced ambient air flow, and the two-wavelength laser absorption-scattering technique for concentration distributions of liquid and vapor phases in the spray. The results show that the droplets at outer zone of the spray exhibit larger diameter than those at inner zone under both ambient pressures 0.1 and 0.4 MPa. While this can be partially attributed to the effect of spray-induced ambient air flow, the strength of ambient air flow become small when increasing the ambient pressure from 0.1 to 0.4 MPa, indicating the strong influence of spray dynamics on the droplet size distribution. In the evaporating spray, there are higher vapor concentrations near the spray axis than at peripheral zones. At 4.0 ms after start of injection, spray droplets almost completely evaporate under ambient temperature 500 K and pressure 1.0 MPa, but there are significantly amount of fuels with equivalence ratio below 0.5 in the spray. Reduction in ambient pressure promotes the air entrainment and droplet evaporation, but lowered ambient pressure results in more fuel vapor of equivalence ratio above 1.3 along the spray axis.     

Cycle-by-cycle combustion variation in a DISI engine fueled with methanol

The effects of injection and ignition timings, engine speed and load, compression ratio and injector configuration on cycle-by-cycle combustion variation in a direct-injection spark ignition (DISI) engine fueled with methanol have been studied experimentally. The coefficient of variation (COV) of the maximum in-cylinder pressure was used to evaluate the cycle-by-cycle combustion variation. The results showed that these factors significantly affect the cycle-by-cycle combustion variation. The COV reaches the least at an optimal injection and ignition timings. The COV at a compression ratio of 14:1 is less than that at a compression ratio of 16:1 at light load, and vice versa at high load. The COV using injector type A is significantly less than that when using types B and C.     

Numerical simulation of cavitation in the conical-spray nozzle for diesel premixed charge compression ignition engines

The conical-spray injector is capable of achieving lean mixture with high homogeneity in the cylinder for diesel Premixed charge compression ignition (PCCI) engine with advanced injection timing. To better understand the cavitating flow inside the conical-spray injector, numerical simulations have been conducted by using a mixture multiphase model and a full cavitation model in this study. The results indicate that the cavitation evolution significantly affects the liquid sheet thickness and velocity at nozzle exit, which further change the spray angle and droplet Sauter mean diameter (SMD) dramatically. Based on the cavitation distribution inside the nozzle, the cavitating flow inside the conical-spray nozzle can be classified into four regimes with no cavitation, cavitation inception at inlet, developing cavitation at nozzle exit and super cavitation respectively. The extension of cavitation to nozzle exit in the super cavitation regime significantly improves the fuel atomization by increasing the injection velocity and decreasing the thickness of the liquid sheet. A cavitation map for the conical-spray injector has been developed by sweeping the ambient pressure and injection pressure simultaneously. It is found that the phenomenon of super cavitation only occurs in a narrow region where ambient pressure is very low. Therefore, the start of injection timing should be kept well before top dead center (TDC) to ensure the occurrence of super cavitation inside the nozzle in order to provide more homogeneous fuel/air mixture for diesel PCCI engines.     

鄂尔多斯盆地某油区长6开发方式研究

某油田（用S表示）长6油藏天然能量不足,依靠自然能量开发采收率低,地层压力下降快速,急需恢复地层能量。通过分析该区地质特点及物性特征,注水开发是该区必需且可行的开发方式。利用数值模拟对该区进行溶解气驱和五点、反九点注水的开发指标预测分析,反九点法是最佳井网方案。在区块中部进行九点井网小井组试验也取得了一定成效。     

直接基于位移的橡胶支座隔震结构性能设计方法

将隔震结构简化为等效单自由度系统(ESDOF),隔震层采用铅芯橡胶支座,应用直接基于位移的性能设计方法(DDBD)分析隔震结构。重点讨论多自由度隔震结构(MDOF)向单自由度等效体系的转化方法,分析体系等效阻尼比、目标位移与等效质量。根据《建筑抗震设计规范》建立了位移反应谱,改进基于位移的性能设计方法的流程。设计高烈度区某隔震工程,假定各楼层的目标位移与体系等效阻尼比,通过性能设计流程最终得出各楼层的剪力分布;对设计的结构进行了时程分析校核,表明方法不但简单有效而且满足工程设计精度要求,可用于隔震结构的初步设计。     

以聚酯熔体直接纺热辊式FDY设备生产POY的柔性化技术

就常见的以熔体直接纺热辊式全拉伸丝(FDY)设备生产预取向丝(POY)方法进行了分析,结合对熔体直接纺FDY、POY设备深层次的研究,提出了一种利用熔体直接纺热辊式FDY设备生产POY的新方法,并详细介绍了仿POY丝路的选择及设备改造、丝束张力的处理、生产中纺丝温度、组件工艺、丝饼外观及成型控制等技术问题,最终实现了在聚酯熔体直接纺热辊式FDY设备上生产高质量的POY。改造投入少,方法简单,不需要停机在线改造,且易于在FDY到POY、POY到FDY之间进行品种柔性化变换生产。     

全压力式液化石油气储罐防泄漏注水工艺方案的探讨

对全压力式液化石油气储罐设置防止液化气泄漏的注水工艺方案进行了探讨,同时讨论了北方地区对注水管线防冻问题的解决措施。     

三氟化硼的制备

详细介绍了三氟化硼的物性和生产工艺,并对其几种生产工艺和精制方法进行了讨论.     

提高熔体直纺涤纶长丝强度的工艺探讨

通过对聚合及纺丝工艺条件的调整试验,研究原料及工艺条件变化对直纺涤纶全拉伸丝(FDY)断裂强度的影响,找出了影响直纺FDY断裂强度的因素有对苯二甲酸(PTA)质量、熔体黏度、冷却吹风速度、纺丝速度及拉伸比等。结果表明,选用优质的PTA原料,控制较高的聚合物熔体特性黏度,再通过调整纺丝及卷绕工艺条件,可改善纺丝性能,生产的涤纶FDY的强度可达4.8 cN/dtex左右,从而提高了长丝质量。