脱硫废水在热烟气环境中的蒸发特性及其产物特性研究

针对旁路烟道旋转喷雾干燥技术和主烟道蒸发技术,开展了脱硫废水蒸发干燥过程及其产物特性的分析对比研究,比较了两种工艺过程中脱硫废水蒸发特性,并对脱硫废水蒸发产物的表面结构特性进行了研究,考察了Cl元素的迁移分布特性及其对后续除尘系统和粉煤灰资源化利用的影响。结果表明:氯离子浓度增大,蒸发效果会随之降低,pH值则对其影响不大,旋转雾化条件较之于主烟道蒸发效果好;两种工艺下蒸发干燥产物表面粗糙,烟道出口S元素含量增加明显,Ca、Mg、K等元素略有增加,蒸发后产物大致相同,由于温度的不同,旋转雾化条件主要是以莫来石、SiO_2、Al_2O_3、 KCl、MgSO_4、CaSO_4·0.5H_2O为主,主烟道蒸发则是以莫来石、SiO_2、Al_2O_3、KCl、MgSO_4·H_2O、CaSO_4·0.5H_2O和CaSO_4·2H_2O等为主;废水中氯离子浓度对氯元素以HCl形式进入烟气影响不大,而碱性脱硫废水则可以有效抑制其以HCl形式析出。     

微波辅助干法制备阳离子木薯淀粉

采用微波辅助加热法干法制备阳离子淀粉,详细考察了微波功率、微波辐照时间、氢氧化钠用量和3-氯-2-羟丙基三甲基氯化铵醚化剂(CHPTMA)用量等对反应效率及其产品取代度的影响。结果表明:微波干法合成阳离子淀粉,反应时间短,反应效率高;在NaOH分2次加入、NaOH与淀粉质量比为4.0%、醚化剂用量为淀粉质量的4.5%、水用量为淀粉用量的25.0%、微波功率为450 W及微波辐照时间为3.0 min等条件下,阳离子淀粉取代度为0.037 5,阳离子醚化剂反应效率高达93.76%。     

Effect of O2 and temperature on the catalytic performance of Ni/Al2O3 and Ni/MgAl2O4 for the dry reforming of methane (DRM)

Al₂O₃ and MgAl₂O₄ supported 10% (w/w) Ni catalysts having a dispersion of 1.5 and 2.0% are active for DRM at 600 and 750 °C. High temperature reduction of both the calcined catalysts resulted in metallic Ni being formed, suggesting strong support metal interactions. The CH₄ and CO₂ conversion during DRM are relatively constant with time-on-stream, and are higher for Ni/MgAl₂O₄ than Ni/Al₂O₃. Carbon-whiskers are also detected on both catalysts. O₂ co-feed of 2.6% (v/v) and increasing reaction temperature to 750 °C helped in decreasing the amount of carbon deposited, except for Ni/MgAl₂O₄ at 600 °C. Furthermore, higher conversions and H₂/CO ratios are achieved. It appears that on spent Ni/MgAl₂O₄ a different type of carbon species was formed, and this carbon species was difficult to remove by oxygen at 600 °C. Thus, co-feeding O₂, using an appropriate temperature, and choosing a suitable support can reduce the carbon present on the nickel catalysts during DRM.     

基于渗透破坏试验的粘土临界坡降影响因素分析

为分析粘土临界坡降的影响因素,以合肥某基坑土样为例,首先开展单一粒径级土体的渗透破坏试验,分析临界坡降随干密度和均值粒径的变化规律;其次,开展多粒径混合粘性土的渗透破坏试验,讨论在干密度一定时,不均匀系数、曲率系数对临界坡降的影响。结果表明,干密度对土体临界坡降影响最为显著,均值粒径次之,临界坡降随干密度三次方的增加而线性增加,随均值粒径的增加而线性减小,随孔隙率的增大而减小;不均匀系数对土体临界坡降影响较为显著,曲率系数次之,临界坡降随不均匀系数、曲率系数的增加而线性减小。     

ABS装置氮气干燥系统工艺研究

大庆石化总厂 5万t·a-1ABS装置生产ABS粉料的干燥过程采用空气干燥 ,由于设备结构等诸多方面存在一定问题 ,造成生产中多次发生爆燃 ,严重影响正常生产。通过从理论上对空气干燥ABS粉料存在的问题进行研究 ,对氮气循环干燥技术在ABS装置中的运用进行分析 ,解决制约氮气循环干燥技术在生产中应用的因素 ,从而使ABS装置得以安全、平稳、经济的正常运行。     

从催化裂化干气中提取乙烯

目前国内乙烯资源短缺,从催化裂化干气中提取乙烯是减少浪费、提高乙烯产量的有效途径。本文介绍了深冷分离、吸收分离、水合物分离、膜分离、吸附分离以及联合工艺等分离技术,并对一些主要分离工艺进行了技术经济分析,指出吸附分离工艺具有较好的工业应用前景。     

Enhancement of Escherichia coli bacterial biomass and hydrogen production by some heavy metal ions and their mixtures during glycerol vs glucose fermentation at a relatively wide range of pH

Escherichia coli growth and H₂ production were followed in the presence of heavy metal ions and their mixtures during glycerol or glucose fermentation at pH 5.5–7.5. Ni²⁺ (50 μM) with Fe²⁺ (50 μM) but not sole metals stimulated bacterial biomass during glycerol fermentation at pH 6.5. Ni²⁺+Fe³⁺ (50 μM), Ni² +Fe³⁺+Mo⁶⁺ (20 μM) and Fe³⁺+Mo⁶⁺ (20 μM) but not sole metals enhanced up to 3-fold H₂ yield but Cu⁺ or Cu²⁺ (100 μM) inhibited it. At pH 7.5 stimulating effect on biomass was observed by Ni²⁺+Fe²⁺+Mo⁶⁺. H₂ production was enhanced 2.7 fold particularly by Ni²⁺+Fe³⁺+Mo⁶⁺ at the late stationary growth phase. Whereas at pH 5.5 increased biomass was when Fe²⁺+Mo⁶⁺ or Mo⁶⁺ were added. H₂ yield was decreased compared with that at pH 6.5, but metal ions again enhanced it. During glucose fermentation at pH 6.5 biomass was increased by the mixtures of metal ions, and 1.2 fold increased H₂ yield was observed. At pH 7.5 Ni²⁺+Fe²⁺ increased biomass but Cu⁺ or Cu²⁺ had suppressing effect; Fe³⁺+Mo⁶⁺ stimulated H₂ production. At pH 5.5 biomass also was raised by Ni²⁺+Fe²⁺+Mo⁶⁺; H₂ yield was increased upon Mo⁶⁺ and Mo⁶⁺+Fe²⁺ or Mo⁶⁺+Fe³⁺ additions. The results point out the importance of Ni²⁺, Fe²⁺, Fe³⁺ and Mo⁶⁺ and some of their combinations for E. coli bacterial growth and H₂ production mostly during glycerol but not glucose fermentation and at acidic conditions (pH 5.5 and 6.5). They can be used for optimizing fermentation processes on glycerol, controlling bacterial biomass and developing H₂ production biotechnology.     

CO2 reforming of methane over Ni/ZnAl2O4 catalysts: Influence of Ce addition on activity and stability

The catalytic performance of Ni supported on Ce-promoted ZnAl₂O₄ was evaluated in methane dry reforming. The effect of different nominal loadings of cerium (3, 5 and 7 wt%) in the activity, product yield and stability was studied. Ce presented a promote effect in catalytic activity, product yield and especially in stability. However the catalytic performance was considerably influenced by the amount of cerium. SEM images presented smaller particles and TPR profiles revealed stronger active phase/support interaction by Ce addition which led to increasing methane conversion and decreasing coke deposition. Although high amount of Ce was not in favor of its promoting effect due to aggregation of CeO₂ on the catalyst surface. Among the catalysts investigated, the optimal catalytic activity and stability was achieved over the sample with 5 wt% of cerium.     

The influence of contact geometry on friction and wear characteristics

This paper describes some results of evaluating the influence of contact geometry on tribological characteristics. Friction characteristics obtained for a distributed contact (pin‐on‐disc and block‐on‐ring), a linear concentrated contact (pin and vee‐block and block‐on‐ring) and a point concentrated contact (ball‐on‐disc and three cylinder‐cone) are presented. The wear scars were analysed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive spectrometry (EDS). The results show different values of friction and wear coefficients for the different types of contact geometry. The paper also assesses the effect of non‐test characteristics, e. g., vibration.     

U型井开发干热岩井筒温度场研究

干热岩开发主要采用水力压裂的方式,而以U型井方法取代固有开发模式,具有减少水损、提高能量衰减周期,避免诱发地震等显著优势。因此,建立了U型井井筒和干热岩储层非稳态流动传热耦合模型,采用有限体积法结合Crank-Nicolson全隐式格式进行离散求解,并通过地热井数据验证了模型的可靠性。研究了干热岩开采过程中井筒及地层的温度变化特征,定量分析不同的敏感性因素对出口温度的影响,利用正交试验法明确影响取热量大小的因素排列。结果表明：各个因素的大小对出口温度影响明显,而影响取热量的因素由主到次为注入流量、水损率、岩石导热系数、水平段长度、入口温度、井筒直径。研究成果进一步完善了干热岩高效热提取理论,可为我国干热岩地热能的开发利用提供借鉴作用。