塔河油田碳酸盐岩油藏注气开发实践及选井认识

塔河油田碳酸盐岩油藏具有储集体埋藏深、非均质性强、储集空间变化大的特征,储集体类型以缝洞型油藏为主。随着油田的开发,能量和底水问题逐渐成为影响自然递减的主要因素。在水驱采油能力大幅下降的同时,注气提高采收率成为油田开发的重要手段。该文介绍在塔河油田注气过程中通过实践摸索,针对不同类型油藏注气开发的经验及规律,在注气选井原则提出新的认识,为碳酸盐油藏提高气驱效率、指导注气开发拓宽思路和方法。     

稠油掺稀井系统效率评价方法研究及应用

针对稠油掺稀井系统效率低问题,通过分析2012年石油行业标准《SY/T5264-2012油田生产系统能耗测试和计算方法》,发现不适应稠油掺稀井系统效率评价因素主要有两方面,一是没有考虑油套环空与油管内流体密度差,二是没有考虑流体黏度摩阻损失,低估了有效举升扬程,造成稠油掺稀井系统效率评价偏低。在原有计算方法基础上引入密度差及黏度摩阻2个参数,制订了适合稠油掺稀井系统效率评价方法。通过将6口稠油掺稀井分别采用《SY/T5264-2012油田生产系统能耗测试和计算方法》和稠油掺稀井系统效率评价方法进行分析,发现后者较前者系统效率平均提升10.7%,提高了稠油掺稀井系统效率,指导油田节能降耗。     

基于㶲方法的CO2捕集系统的热经济性评价

针对CO₂捕集系统, 提出了体现能量的质的评价指标——耗率.解吸耗率是解吸过程的过程性评价指标, 直接反映了解吸过程工艺和设备能耗水平.抽汽耗率是CO2捕集系统的综合性评价指标, 能合理全面地评价捕集系统蒸汽能量利用的程度.引入的减温效率衡量了抽汽在减温过程中可用能的有效利用程度.     

中国能源生产的累计㶲需求分析

以㶲理论为基础, 结合基于投入产出方法的清单计算模型, 计算了我国能源生产的累计㶲需求, 对不同能源产品的累计㶲需求进行了对比, 并分析了高次生产的㶲消耗在累计㶲需求中的比例.结果表明:供应1MJ的各能源产品, 电力的累计㶲需求最高, 为3.4MJ;其次为炼油产品、焦炭等其他二次能源, 为1.55~1.63MJ;初级化石能源最低, 为1.18~1.23 MJ.与基于流程的清单计算模型相比, 基于投入产出方法的清单计算模型更适用于分析能源系统.     

内容中心网络中能效感知的概率性缓存机制

内置缓存技术是内容中心网络(Content Centric Networking, CCN)的核心技术之一。现有的研究大多主要针对网络资源利用率的优化,而忽略了网络能耗的问题。该文首先建立了一个能耗模型对CCN的网络能耗进行分析,并设计了一个能效判决条件来优化缓存过程的能效性。进而,在此基础上综合考虑内容流行度和节点中心性等因素提出一种能效感知的概率性缓存机制(E2APC)。仿真结果表明,该机制能在保证较高的缓存命中率和较小的平均响应跳数的同时有效地降低网络的整体能耗。     

Sensing Magnetic Field and Intermolecular Interactions in Diamagnetic Solution Using Residual Dipolar Couplings of Zephycandidine

An unusual residual dipolar coupling of methylene protons was recorded in NMR spectra because aromatic zephycandidine has preferential orientation at the external magnetic field. The observed splitting contains contribution from the dipole–dipole D-coupling and the anisotropic component of J-coupling. Absolute values of the anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility |Δχ_ax| are larger for protic solvents because of the hydrogen-bonding compared to aprotic solvents for which polar and dispersion forces are more important. The energy barrier for the reorientation due to hydrogen-bonding is 1.22 kJ/mol in methanol-d_4, 0.85 kJ/mol in ethanol-d₆ and 0.87 kJ/mol in acetic acid-d₆. In dimethyl sulfoxide-d₆, 1.08 kJ/mol corresponds to the interaction of solvent lone pair electrons with π-electrons of zephycandidine. This energy barrier decreases for acetone-d₆ which has smaller electric dipole moment. In acetonitrile-d₃, there is no energy barrier which suggests solvent ordering around the solute due to the solvent-solvent interactions. The largest absolute values of the magnetic anisotropy are observed for aromatic benezene-d₆ and tolune-d₈ which have their own preferential orientation and enhance the order in the solution. The magnetic anisotropy of “isolated” zephycandidine, not hindered by intermolecular interaction could be estimated from the correlation between Δχ_ax and cohesion energy density.     

Influence of Different Salts on the G-Quadruplex Structure Formed from the Reversed Human Telomeric DNA Sequence

G-rich telomeric DNA plays a major role in the stabilization of chromosomes and can fold into a plethora of different G-quadruplex structures in the presence of mono- and divalent cations. The reversed human telomeric DNA sequence (5′-(GGG ATT)₄; RevHumTel) was previously shown to have interesting properties that can be exploited for chemical sensing and as a chemical switch in DNA nanotechnology. Here, we analyze the specific G-quadruplex structures formed by RevHumTel in the presence of K⁺, Na⁺, Mg²⁺ and Ca²⁺ cations using circular dichroism spectroscopy (CDS) and Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) based on fluorescence lifetimes. CDS is able to reveal strand and loop orientations, whereas FRET gives information about the distances between the 5′-end and the 3′-end, and also, the number of G-quadruplex species formed. Based on this combined information we derived specific G-quadruplex structures formed from RevHumTel, i.e., a chair-type and a hybrid-type G-quadruplex structure formed in presence of K⁺, whereas Na⁺ induces the formation of up to three different G-quadruplexes (a basket-type, a propeller-type and a hybrid-type structure). In the presence of Mg²⁺ and Ca²⁺ two different parallel G-quadruplexes are formed (one of which is a propeller-type structure). This study will support the fundamental understanding of the G-quadruplex formation in different environments and a rational design of G-quadruplex-based applications in sensing and nanotechnology.     

Assessing the DNA Damaging Effectiveness of Ionizing Radiation Using Plasmid DNA

Plasmid DNA is useful for investigating the DNA damaging effects of ionizing radiation. In this study, we have explored the feasibility of plasmid DNA-based detectors to assess the DNA damaging effectiveness of two radiotherapy X-ray beam qualities after undergoing return shipment of ~8000 km between two institutions. The detectors consisted of 18 μL of pBR322 DNA enclosed with an aluminum seal in nine cylindrical cavities drilled into polycarbonate blocks. We shipped them to Toronto, Canada for irradiation with either 100 kVpor 6 MV X-ray beams to doses of 10, 20, and 30 Gy in triplicate before being shipped back to San Diego, USA. The Toronto return shipment also included non-irradiated controls and we kept a separate set of controls in San Diego. In San Diego, we quantified DNA single strand breaks (SSBs), double strand breaks (DSBs), and applied Nth and Fpg enzymes to quantify oxidized base damage. The rate of DSBs/Gy/plasmid was 2.8±0.7greater for the 100 kVp than the 6 MV irradiation. The 100 kVp irradiation also resulted in 5±2 times more DSBs/SSB than the 6 MV beam, demonstrating that the detector is sensitive enough to quantify relative DNA damage effectiveness, even after shipment over thousands of kilometers.     

Flow-Seq Evaluation of Translation Driven by a Set of Natural Escherichia coli 5′-UTR of Variable Length

Flow-seq is a method that combines fluorescently activated cell sorting and next-generation sequencing to deduce a large amount of data about translation efficiency from a single experiment. Here, we constructed a library of fluorescent protein-based reporters preceded by a set of 648 natural 5′-untranslated regions (5′-UTRs) of Escherichia coli genes. Usually, Flow-seq libraries are constructed using uniform-length sequence elements, in contrast to natural situations, where functional elements are of heterogenous lengths. Here, we demonstrated that a 5′-UTR library of variable length could be created and analyzed with Flow-seq. In line with previous Flow-seq experiments with randomized 5′-UTRs, we observed the influence of an RNA secondary structure and Shine–Dalgarno sequences on translation efficiency; however, the variability of these parameters for natural 5′-UTRs in our library was smaller in comparison with randomized libraries. In line with this, we only observed a 30-fold difference in translation efficiency between the best and worst bins sorted with this factor. The results correlated with those obtained with ribosome profiling.