Real-Time monitoring of III-V molecular beam epitaxial growth using spectroscopic ellipsometry

We report the real-time monitoring of monolayer thickness changes in AlAs and GaAs layer growth on rotating GaAs substrates using spectroscopic ellipsometry (SE). A phase-modulated spectroscopic ellipsometer was integrated with a III-V MBE system by triggering spectral acquisition synchronously with substrate rotation. Absolute thickness accuracy was verified using ex situ SE measurement. Reasonable agreement was also obtained between in situ growth rate measurements by SE and reflection high energy electron diffraction. The precision and speed of this method appears suitable for real-time control of quantum devices, such as resonant-tunneling diodes.     

Phase and magnetic properties of iron oxide clusters in 20CaO·20SiO2·7Fe2O3·6FeO glasses

The annealing of 20CaO·20SiO₂·7Fe₂O₃·6FeO glasses at 973K in vacuo produced clusters of iron oxide, the shape of which was nearly spherical and the diameter distributed in the narrow range 25–115Å. The phase of clusters was identified to be Fe³⁺(Fe³⁺ _{poststagger|1.30}Fe²⁺ _{poststagger|0.55}V_0.15)·O₄ in the inverse spinel structure based upon the Mössbauer spectra and x-ray diffraction profiles. The clusters exhibited superparamagnetism and their effective anisotropy energy constant was inversely proportional to the cluster diameter. The magnetization of the glasses measured by a vibrating sample magnetometer was 7.2 × 10^-6 Wbmkg^-1 at 10 kOe at room temperature and smaller than the value calculated assuming that the whole clusters have superparamagnetism. These results suggest the pinning of spins near the cluster surface.     

一种新型的高效节能CO2激光电源

本文在分析电阻、电感和电容在电源电路中的作用基础上，研制出一台新型高效节能ＣＯ２激光电源，该电源接入单相网路时，可在次级输出端无任何形式的滤波电路条件下，获得稳定，不过零点且波纹系数小的直流电流，并具有较高的功率因数和转换效率。     

Rolling Friction Enhanced Free‐Standing Triboelectric Nanogenerators and their Applications in Self‐Powered Electrochemical Recovery Systems

Heavy metals contained in wastewater are one of the most serious pollutions in natural resources. A self‐powered electrochemical recovery system for collecting Cu ions in wastewater by incorporating a rolling friction enhanced freestanding triboelectric nanogenerator (RF‐TENG) is developed here. The RF‐TENG utilizes integrated cylindrical surfaces using the conjunction of rolling electrification and freestanding electrostatic induction, which shows outstanding output performance and ultrarobust stability. By using the kinetic energy of flowing water, a collection efficiency of up to 80% for Cu²⁺ ions in wastewater has been achieved. Self‐powered electrochemical systems are one of the most promising applications of TENGs for independent and sustainable driving of electrochemical reactions without the need for any additional power supply. This research is a substantial advancement towards the practical applications of triboelectric nanogenerators and self‐powered electrochemical systems.     

Tribotronic Phototransistor for Enhanced Photodetection and Hybrid Energy Harvesting

Tribotronics is a new field developed by coupling triboelectricity and semiconductor, which can drive triboelectric‐charge‐controlled optoelectronic devices by further introducing optoelectronics. In this paper, a tribotronic phototransistor (TPT) is proposed by coupling a field‐effect phototransistor and a triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG), in which the contact‐induced inner gate voltage by the mobile frictional layer is used for modulating the photodetection characteristics of the TPT. Based on the TPT, alternatively, a coupled energy‐harvester (CEH) is fabricated for simultaneously scavenging solar and wind energies, in which the output voltage on the external resistance from the wind driven TENG is used as the gate voltage of the TPT for enhancing the solar energy conversion. As the wind speed increases, the photovoltaic characteristics of the CEH including the short‐circuit current, open‐circuit voltage, and maximal output power have been greatly enhanced. This work has greatly expanded the functionality of tribotronics in photodetection and energy harvesting, and provided a potential solution for highly efficient harvesting and utilizing multitype energy.     

A Universal Platform for Macromolecular Deliveryinto Cells Using Gold Nanoparticle Layers via the Photoporation Effect

Although promising, it is challenging to develop a simple and universal method for the high‐efficiency delivery of biomacromolecules into diverse cells. Here, a universal delivery platform based on gold nanoparticle layer (GNPL) surfaces is proposed. Upon laser irradiation, GNPL surfaces show such good photothermal properties that absorption of the laser energy causes a rapid increase in surface temperature, leading to enhanced membrane permeability of the cultured cells and the diffusion of macromolecules into the cytosol from the surrounding medium. The high‐efficiency delivery of different macromolecules such as dextran and plasmid DNA into different cell types is achieved, including hard‐to‐transfect mouse embryonic fibroblasts (mEFs) and human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs), while cell viability is well maintained under optimized irradiation conditions. The platform vastly outperforms the leading commercial reagent, Lipofectamine 2000, especially in transfecting hard‐to‐transfect cell lines (plasmid transfection efficiency: ≈53% vs ≈19% for mEFs and ≈44% vs ≈8% for HUVECs). Importantly, as the gold nanoparticles (GNPs) constituting the GNPL are firmly immobilized together, the potential cytotoxicity caused by endocytosis of GNPs is effectively avoided. This platform is reliable, efficient, and cost‐effective with high‐throughput and broad applicability across different cell types, opening up an innovative avenue for high‐efficiency intracellular delivery.     

A delay and energy aware coordination mechanism for WSAN

In this paper, a delay and energy aware coordination mechanism (DEACM) has been devised for wireless sensor–actor networks. In DEACM, a two‐level hierarchical K‐hop clustering mechanism is used to organize the sensors and actors for communication. In the first level, sensors form a K‐hop cluster using actors as cluster heads, and sink is made as the cluster head in the second level to form a cluster among actors. Sensor nodes, which are 1‐hop away from the actors, also called as relay nodes are elected as backup cluster head (BCH) based on the residual energy and node degree. BCH collects the data from sensors when an actor is away to perform actions in the affected area. The scheme is evaluated through exhaustive simulation in NS2 along with other existing schemes. Different parameters like average event waiting time, event reliability, and average energy dissipation are compared, varying the number of sensors, actors, and data transfer rate. In general, it is observed that the proposed DEACM outperforms other existing schemes. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

无线电能传输中电谐振耦合机理分析

针对在无线电能传输分析中多以磁耦合谐振技术为主,缺少对电谐振耦合机理的分析这一问题,文中根据对称性原理,提出无线电能传输机理中应该包含磁谐振耦合和电谐振耦合两种谐振耦合机理,并从电路的对偶性角度出发,给出了电谐振耦合电路模型并推导出传输功率增益的理论公式。通过对电路参数的分析得出了传输功率增益的变化规律,为无线电能传输系统的设计提供了参考。     

新型表面再构的倒装AlGaInP LED

研究一种表面再构的具有全方位反光镜(ODR)结构的倒装AlGaInP半导体发光二极管(LED)。通过湿法腐蚀方法再构N-AlGaInP盖层表面,形成类金字塔的表面结构,使不同角度入射的光有更多的机会出射。比较了表面再构LED与常规LED的电、光学特性,在注入电流为20 mA时,经过表面再构LED的轴向光强和输出光功率是常规LED的1.5倍,表面再构后大大提高了LED的外量子效率,减少了LED内部热量的积累,提高了LED芯片的可靠性。     

严格耦合波方法计算立体正弦光栅衍射效率

为了研究振幅型光栅的衍射效率,运用严格耦合波方法建立立体正弦透射光栅的计算模型。用Matlab软件编程计算衍射效率,并模拟了光栅层附近区域内的光场振幅和相位分布。计算结果表明模型衍射效率与平面的正弦型光栅有差别,其与周期,光栅厚度相关;在一定条件下两者非常接近。