Effect of moisture condensation on long-term reliability of crystalline silicon photovoltaic modules

Moisture condensation (MC) can occur in photovoltaic (PV) modules in hot and humid climates, and the resulting water droplets can cause more areas of corrosion. Therefore, in this study, MC history of PV modules exposed to Miami climate (FL, USA) has been derived employing corresponding meteorological data. The duration of MC versus temperature of PV module (T_module) was calculated over 1 year. Furthermore, five types of accelerated tests were conducted to develop a MC-induced degradation prediction model. The thermal activation energy, 0.4524 eV, was calculated. The Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) model was used to predict the degradation rate. The accumulated degradation rate of a PV module exposed to the accelerated condition of MC was 1.45 times greater than that of damp heat (DH). The effect of encapsulant materials on the frequency of MC and accumulated degradation rate over 1 year were calculated in the Miami climate.     

谈淮委防汛调度大楼的结构设计

介绍了水利部淮委防汛调度大楼的结构设计,重点阐述了结构采用框架剪力墙结构的优点和好处.     

Some Key Figures in London's Regeneration

A number of powerful individuals have played a significant role promoting regeneration in London. Peter Murray describes some of those who make up this important network of politicians, civil servants, planners and developers. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

欧洲钢铁工业的发展与展望

欧洲铜铁工业历史悠久,在世界钢铁发展过程中影响重大。回顾了欧洲钢铁工业的发展过程,介绍了近期欧洲钢铁行业的兼并重组概况,并展望未来欧洲钢铁工业的发展趋势。     

Strategic planning on carbon capture from coal fired plants in Malaysia and Indonesia: A review

Malaysia and Indonesia benefit in various ways by participating in CDM and from investments in the GHG emission reduction projects, inter alia, technology transfer such as carbon capture (CC) technology for the existing and future coal fired power plants. Among the fossil fuel resources for energy generation, coal is offering an attractive solution to the increasing fuel cost. The consumption of coal in Malaysia and Indonesia is growing at the fastest rate of 9.7% and 4.7%, respectively, per year since 2002. The total coal consumption for electricity generation in Malaysia is projected to increase from 12.4 million tons in 2005 to 36 million tons in 2020. In Indonesia, the coal consumption for the same cause is projected to increase from 29.4 million tons in 2005 to 75 million tons in 2020. CO₂ emission from coal fired power plants are forecasted to grow at 4.1% per year, reaching 98 million tons and 171 million tons in Malaysia and Indonesia, respectively.     

Weighted Average Cost of Retail Gas (WACORG) highlights pricing effects in the US gas value chain: Do we need wellhead price-floor regulation to bail out the unconventional gas industry?

The total annual revenue stream in the US natural gas value chain over the past decade is analyzed. Growth of total revenues has been driven by higher wellhead prices, which peaked in 2008. The emergence of the unconventional gas business was made possible in part by the pre-recessional rise in global energy prices. The general rise in natural gas prices between 1998 and 2008 did not lower overall US gas consumption, but shifts have occurred during the past decade in the consumption levels of individual consumer groups. Industry's gas consumption has decreased, while power stations increased their gas consumption. Commercial and residential consumers maintained flat gas consumption patterns. This study introduces the Weighted Average Cost of Retail Gas (WACORG) as a tool to calculate and monitor an average retail price based on the different natural gas prices charged to the traditional consumer groups. The WACORG also provides insight in wellhead revenues and may be used as an instrument for calibrating retail prices in support of wellhead price-floor regulation. Such price-floor regulation is advocated here as a possible mitigation measure against excessive volatility in US wellhead gas prices to improve the security of gas supply.     

Development Policies of China Paper Industry——National Development and Reform Commission October 2007--The English translation is only for reference,and the Chinese edition prevails.

Foreword
The paper industry is an important fundamental raw material industry closely related to national economy and social development. The paper industry is characterized by capital intensive and technology intensive, as well as remarkable economy of scale. The industry offers extensive industrial association scope and huge market capacity with massive drive of forestry, agriculture, chemical, printing, packaging and machinery manufacture industries. As the natural plant fibres including wood, bamboo and reed, and recycling fibres such as wastepaper are used as the raw materials, paper is able to partially substitute such recycling resources as plastic, iron and steel, and nonferrous metals. Therefore, the industry is an important sustainable industry crucial for the national economy.     

欧盟水框架指令及其执行情况

欧盟水框架指令具有法律效力,目标是保护和管理水资源.水框架指令作为一个基础性法律文件,内容丰富,涉及到保护水的各个方面,并将水域的保护与污染控制结合起来.从现在水框架的执行情况来看,由于各国的实际情况不同,水框架指令的执行又刚刚开始,效果并不明显,今后还有很多的工作要做.     

A Tale of Two Waters: the Missouri River,the Great Lakes and Management of Future Water Conflicts

Abstract

This paper analyzes recent developments regarding Missouri River management and water use, and the potential for an emerging inter-basin water dispute involving the Great Lakes. It is suggested that revisions to the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers' master manual for the Missouri River and increasing efforts to put Missouri River water to beneficial use in support of economic growth present the prospect of low water levels in the Mississippi River. With a history of looking to the Chicago diversion as a source for augmenting flows in the Mississippi River, it may yet again prove to be an irresistible temptation. The institutional capacity for managing such a water dispute seems surprisingly weak. The direction suggested is that mechanisms should be installed to ensure that Great Lakes water remains in its basin, consistent with watershed management practices. The recent efforts by the Great Lakes states and provinces represent an important development in this direction. It is further suggested that demand pressures in the Missouri River should be met through a similar commitment, potentially through a water sharing arrangement on the Missouri River, something which could be encouraged in part by ensuring stricter controls on the Chicago diversion.     

工业用化学防护服概述

依据美国消防标准体系和欧盟标准体系分别介绍了工业用化学防护服的分类、性能要求和检测方法,化学防护服常用防护材料的性能特点和防护机理,化学防护服的使用选择以及未来发展动向等,强调了我国开发工业化学防护服的必要性。