阻燃聚酯纤维生产技术

主要介绍了聚酯用阻燃剂的种类、特点 ,阻燃聚酯纤维的生产方法 ,并归纳了国内外主要生产厂家 (公司 )的阻燃聚酯纤维生产工艺特点。概述了目前我国及西欧地区的阻燃法规和标准 ,并对我国阻燃聚酯纤维的发展提出了建议。     

Kinetics of thermal decomposition of unsaturated polyester resins with reduced flammability

In this article, the kinetics of thermal decomposition of unsaturated maleic–phthalic polyester resins, flame‐retarded with zinc hydroxystannate, was studied by thermogravimetric analysis at different heating rates. At the first stage, it was found, on the basis of isoconversional analysis by the methods of Friedman and of Ozawa–Flynn–Wall, that the value of the (apparent) activation energy (E) characteristically changes in three steps during the degradation. Further kinetic studies using nonlinear regression methods revealed the best fits for both pristine and stabilized resins. It was observed that the course of E versus the degree of conversion (α) during degradation of zinc hydroxystannate‐containing resins (α > 0.8) was characterized by higher values of E—this phenomenon can be explained in terms of the flame‐retardation action of zinc hydroxystannate, which is believed to operate primarily in the condensed phase. At the next stage, kinetic analysis by the nonregression method was performed to find the kinetic model [f(α) function] of the decomposition process; hence, for pristine resin, the best fit was found for the Avrami–Yerofeeyev model (nuclei growth), and for stabilized samples, the nth‐order function with catalysis proved to be the best approximation. The obtained kinetic parameters in the form of E, the preexponential factor A, and the model function f(α) allow a prediction of the polyester resin's thermal behavior in an extrapolated range of degree of conversion, time, and temperature. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 88: 2851–2857, 2003     

一类考虑病毒发生变异的SIS疾病传播模型

为了研究变异行为对病毒传播的影响,提出了一个病毒发生变异的疾病传播模型,在模型中考虑了两种病毒相互转换的过程,计算机模拟结果表明,两种病毒的稳态感染比例与它们之间的相互转换概率γ1和γ2有关,当γ1＞0且γ2=0时,I1型感染者将消失,当γ1与γ2都大于0时,I1/I2与γ1/γ2成反比,且与α1/β1和α2/β2的取值无关.研究还发现病毒变异时由于缺乏对应的治疗药物和措施而出现一段真空期,这导致变异病毒的感染比例快速增加,但真空期的出现只能增加感染者的瞬时感染比例,而对稳态感染比例没有影响.该研究对人们深入理解病毒传播机理具有启发作用.     

PE-LLD／EVA／Mg（OH）2／复合阻燃剂高效无卤阻燃体系的研究

采用线形低密度聚乙烯/乙烯-醋酸乙烯共聚物作为复合材料主体,表面处理过的氢氧化镁(Mg(OH)2)为主阻燃剂,以微胶囊化红磷和自制硅类阻燃剂为核心的复合阻燃剂为阻燃增效剂,重点探讨了Mg(OH)2和复合阻燃剂的阻燃效果。结果表明,Mg(OH)2与复合阻燃剂并用具有良好的协同效应,当Mg(OH)2用量40份,复合阻燃剂5～7份时,可获得较高的氧指数,垂直燃烧试验通过FV0级,且材料抗静电能力提高,力学性能、加工性能较好。     

PA66阻燃改性研究

通过卤系、氮系、磷系等阻燃体系对尼龙（PA）66进行阻燃改性研究，开发出一种赤磷与无机阻燃剂共用的复配阻燃体系。结果表明，当加入 赤磷10份、无机阻燃剂10份、玻纤30份时，利用该阻燃体系阻燃的PA66，其燃烧性能达FV－0级，拉伸强度大于100MPa，缺口冲击强度大于9kJ/m^2，综合性能优良。     

应用炉膛压力诊断气流床气化炉的火焰状态

气化炉是煤气化技术中的关键设备 .气化炉内火焰燃烧稳定性下降 ,会出现燃烧噪音增加、气化燃烧效率降低及熄火等现象 ,对安全性和经济性产生严重的影响 .对气流床气化炉内不同气化燃烧状态下的火焰压力信号进行了小波分析 .结果表明 ,压力信号在一定频段内的分布与气化炉内火焰燃烧的状态密切相关 ,发现随着火焰燃烧稳定性加强 ,气化炉内压力信号向高频方向移动 ,以此可以建立气流床气化炉燃烧诊断模型 .     

Ignition and Combustion of Dust-Gas Suspensions

The ignition and combustion of dust-gas suspensions are considered. It is shown that the ability of these systems to accumulate heat is determined not only by their kinetic and thermal properties but also by the relation between their reaction surface and the heat-removal surface (f). Experimental information on flame temperatures, ignition delays, and flame propagation over gas suspensions is processed using the parameter f, and the postulate on the stimulating role of the developed reaction surface in activating these processes is validated. It is shown that during overall burning, diffusion combustion of particles occurs only for rather small values of f. The ambiguous effect of the parameter f on the ignition and combustion processes leads to the necessity of optimizing the fuel size distribution and concentration for the effective operation of the power devices. The role of the macroparameters of two-phase flames of refractory metals in the synthesis of combustion nanoproducts is analyzed. __________ Translated from Fizika Goreniya i Vzryva, Vol. 41, No. 6, pp. 3–14, November–December, 2005.     

膨胀阻燃聚丙烯复合体系的研究

采用聚磷酸铵（APP）和Deflam（敌火龙）分别对聚丙烯（PP）进行了填充改性，研究了两者对PP力学性能、阻燃性能、结晶性能的影响。结果表明：在PP中分别加入APP和Deflam，都可改善PP的阻燃性能，并且添加后者比添加前者对PP的阻燃效果要好。在阻燃性能改善的同时，复合体系的弯曲模量和弹性模量明显提高，但拉伸强度和冲击强度降低。APP和Deflam在PP中都具有成核剂作用，可使PP的结晶过程在较高温度下进行，但Deflam对PP的成核效果不如APP。     

SnO2和SiO2用于PVC的阻燃消烟及协同作用

研究了二氧化锡和二氧化硅对软PVC阻燃消烟性的影响。通过对极限氧指数、剩炭率、烟密度的测定和DTATG曲线的分析证明,添加8g二氧化锡/二氧化硅复合阻燃剂的PVC的氧指数和剩炭率比未添加的分别增高5.5个单位和4.1%,烟密度降低16.4%,降解活化能分别降低38kJ/mol和23.1kJ/mol,从而证明二氧化锡/二氧化硅复合阻燃剂对于PVC是一种很好的阻燃消烟剂,二氧化锡和二氧化硅有很好的协同作用。同时证明这种复合阻燃剂能代替三氧化二锑,使产品的成本进一步降低。     

三聚氰胺氰尿酸盐阻燃聚氨酯硬泡

将三聚氰胺氰尿酸盐(MCA)作为阻燃剂,采用一步全水发泡法,制备一系列硬质聚氨酯泡沫/三聚氰胺氰尿酸盐复合材料(RPUF/MCA),采用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、热重分析(TG)、极限氧指数(LOI)、UL-94垂直燃烧、烟密度测试、傅立叶红外光谱(FT-IR)及拉曼光谱表征,研究了MCA对硬质聚氨酯泡沫(RPUF)泡孔结构、热稳定性、阻燃性及燃烧烟气密度的影响。研究表明,MCA能够显著提高RPUF/MCA的阻燃性能,30份的MCA使RPUF/MCA30达到UL-94 V-1级别,极限氧指数达到22.0%。热重测试结果表明,MCA的添加使成炭率降低;同时发现,MCA的添加降低了RPUF/MCA泡沫复合材料的初始热分解温度和复合材料的燃烧烟气密度,有效地提高了复合材料火灾安全性能。