火花点燃式发动机压缩比与数字计数器读数的校正关系

采用压缩比与数字计数器的对应检索校正关系来评定检查火花点燃式发动机的机械状况。根据沿海不同地区室内室间实验室的对比与协调试验计算分析，所采用的检索法达到美国沃克夏机器制造厂规定的ASTM精度。本文提出的检索法具有快速、简捷和准确等特点，可适用于沿海地区火花点燃式发动机的机械设备状况校准试验。     

Internally humidified polymer electrolyte fuel cells using water absorbing sponge

Polymer electrolyte fuel cell (PEFC) mounted with two strips of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) sponge is presented and the effect of operating conditions on the cell performance is investigated. Mounting the sponge wicks is advantageous for the humidification of dry inlet air and for the removal of liquid water in the cell. It was found that dry inlet hydrogen could be internally humidified by water diffusion from the cathode to anode when operating in a counterflow mode. The results show that the relative humidity of the inlet gases could have little effect on the performance of the cell mounted with two sponge wicks under certain operating conditions. At a cell potential of 0.5 V, the current densities of the sponge-mounted PEFC operated with dry air are 5% and 31% higher than those of the conventional one without wicks operated with saturated and dry air, respectively. The molar percentage of water vapor to total water exiting the cathode (R_gas) is an important parameter to gauge the cell performance with dry gases. A very large R_gas may cause the membrane dehydration and subsequently a low cell performance.     

Thermal decomposition of SRC-II middle distillate under surface vaporizing conditions

Decomposition of SRC-II middle distillate under surface vaporizing conditions was studied as a function of temperature (heating rate), vapour phase residence time and oxygen level. The stressed and unstressed fuel was analysed by capillary gas chromatography. Decomposition was found to be greatest at low temperature. Boiling mode did not appear to affect the extent of decomposition. Decomposition was weakly related to chemical class and strongly related to component volatility. The effect of gas phase residence time and oxygen level were negligible at the conditions studied. It is concluded that decomposition occurs primarily within the liquid and at the vaporizer surface.     

中国化石能源生产的生命周期清单(Ⅰ)--能源消耗与直接排放

化石能源生产的生命周期清单不仅是开展化工产业及其产品生命周期分析的基础,也能阐明化石能源生产的基本环境行为.通过计算得到了2002年我国原煤、原油和天然气开采过程中直接相关的能源消耗和污染物排放,涉及到的污染物排放包括液态污染物、固体废弃物和CO2、SO2、NOx、CO、CH4、烟尘等气态排放物.     

我国燃料油市场现状及发展趋势分析

分析了我国燃料油市场消费现状及特点，对未来的燃料油供需情况进行了预测，提出了中国石化燃料油今后的发展方向。     

Removal of mineral material from solvent-refined coal by solvent extractions

Solvent refined coal (SRC), a coal extract which is highly polyaromatic in character and relatively high in N, O and S content, is derived from the direct liquefaction of coal. SRC contains mineral matter in the form of soluble organometallic compounds which can not be removed by filtration. These soluble species can be detrimental to the hydrocracking catalyst used in the upgrading of the SRC to high-value liquid fuels. These species, however, can be separated from the SRC by extraction with benzene or tetralin as solvents so that the mineral matter is mainly concentrated in the solvent-insoluble fraction, the other fraction are then readily hydrocracked, as demonstrated in this work.     

Property-composition relationships for diesel and kerosene fuels

A range of 18 diesel fuels and 21 kerosene fuels from mainly Australian petroleum and synthetic fuel sources, including coal, shale and peat, was investigated. Compositional details were defined as the weight per cent abundances of n-alkanes, branched plus cyclic saturates, single-ring aromatics, doublering aromatics and polynuclear aromatics, using both h.p.l.c. and ¹³C n.m.r. techniques. Relationships between fuel composition and a range of fuel properties were sought. Simple linear relationships between property values and compositional data were used. Explicit correlative expressions were derived using multiple linear regression analysis, with the coefficient of multiple determination, R², indicating the quality of the fit between observed and calculated property values. In most cases good correlations were achieved. For diesels the properties investigated, with R² values in parentheses, were: inverse specific gravity (0.99); ¹³C n.m.r. aromaticity (0.99); ¹H n.m.r. aromaticity (0.88); cetane index (0.97); aniline point (0.96); diesel index (0.98); and FIA-measured aromatics content (0.77). For kerosenes the properties, with R² values in parentheses, were: ¹³C n.m.r. aromaticity (0.98); ¹H n.m.r. aromaticity (0.97); smoke point (0.88); and FIA-measured aromatics content (0.94). The results are shown to be of value in assessing the potential and limitations of hydrotreating as a process for upgrading synfuels.     

嗜单宁管囊酵母木糖酒精发酵的研究

综合利用丰富、廉价且可再生的农作物秸秆资源生产酒精的研究已经渐渐成为全球范围的热点之一。文章研究了嗜单宁管囊酵母木糖酒精发酵的发酵性能,分离、筛选、驯化培养出一株高效木糖酒精发酵菌株 g-13,在最适条件下其木糖酒精发酵的转化率为 0.446 g/g(酒精/消耗的糖),为发酵秸秆纤维水解液中的戊糖生产燃料酒精提供菌种支持。     

Transformation of β-Ni(OH)2 to NiO nano-sheets via surface nanocrystalline zirconia coating: Shape and size retention

Shape and size of the synthesized NiO nano-sheets were retained during transformation of sheet-like β-Ni(OH)₂ to NiO at elevated temperatures via nano-sized zirconia coating on the surface of β-Ni(OH)₂. The average grain size was 6.42 nm after 600 °C treatment and slightly increased to 10 nm after 1000 °C treatment, showing effective sintering retardation between NiO nano-sheets. The excellent thermal stability revealed potential application at elevated temperatures, especially for high temperature catalysts and solid-state electrochemical devices.     

溶剂对全氟磺酸再铸膜性能的影响

将氯碱工业用过的废离子交换膜放入乙醇水溶液中，在250℃和10MPa条件下溶解4h，固液分离后，得到，浓度为7．2％的全氟磺酸离子交换树脂（PFSI）溶液。并分别利用高沸点溶剂（HBPS）——二甲基亚砜（DMSO）、乙二醇（EO）、吡硌烷酮（NMP）和二甲基甲酰胺（DMF）置换其中的低沸点溶剂，采用浇铸法制备了再铸全氟磺酸质子交换膜。通过测定再铸膜（RCM）的交换容量、电导率、抗拉强度和X射线衍射谱图等研究了浇铸温度、浇铸时间和HBPS种类等条件对RCM性能的影响。结果显示：RCM的最佳成膜温度和时间分别为140℃和2h，温度高于180℃，部分PFSI开始分解，电导率和离子交换容量有所下降，时间低于2h，HBPS不能完全从RCM中挥发，RCM的机械强度和稳定性低。HBPS的种类和加入比例影响RCM的结晶程度和晶粒大小，HBPS加入量过少，在HBPS挥发完之前，PFSI没有足够的时间结晶，稳定性差，最好的HBPS是二甲基亚砜和吡硌烷酮，RCM与Nafion112具有相近的燃料电池性能。