Intrusive probes in riser applications

Many of the probes used to understand hydrodynamics in circulating fluidized bed risers intrude into the environment they are measuring, although assumptions are typically asserted that the intrusive probes do not affect the data collected. This could be a poor assumption in some cases and conditions. We found that intrusive fiber‐optic probe measurements consistently mis‐predicted the solids concentration compared to the nonintrusive pressure drop measurements outside the fully developed flow region of a riser containing fluid catalytic cracking catalyst or glass bead particles. The discrepancy was sensitive to superficial gas velocity, solid circulation rate, probe position, and flow direction. Barracuda VR? computational fluid dynamics simulations confirmed this, and indicated that particle momentum was lost at the leading edge of the probe and particles were spilling over to the probe tip. Accordingly, new probe designs were proposed to mitigate the intrusiveness of a fiber‐optic probe for more accurate characterization. © 2017 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 63: 5361–5374, 2017     

内循环微型流化床流动特性

针对开发适用于化学气相沉积反应动力学研究的微型流化床反应分析仪的应用需求,研究了外径为30 mm的内循环微型流化床中气固流动特性,具体考察了中心射流管伸入高度、内导流管直径和颗粒装载量对实现固体物料内循环的最小操作气速和导流管与环隙区间窜气的影响。结果表明,随着射流管伸入高度的增大,实现颗粒内循环流动的最小操作气速变大;存在最优的导流管直径（20 mm）,使得实现颗粒环流的最小操作气速较小;增大颗粒装载量有利于降低颗粒内循环的最小操作气速。通过检测示踪气体在环隙区内的质谱信号,发现在所考察的参数范围内,反应器底部不存在导流管区向环隙区的窜气;在反应器上部,由于颗粒对气体的夹带,环隙区上部总能检测到示踪气体,且窜气特性随操作气速的增大而增强。研究结果可为设计适用于化学气相沉积反应的内循环微型流化床反应器提供参考。     

低流量下等高差自然循环系统倒流现象实验研究

自然循环系统由于具有固有安全性而被广泛应用于核电站中。等高差自然循环系统是一种特殊的系统,其加热段与水箱之间是通过上下水平段连接。在低流量条件下,这类自然循环系统会发生水箱冷水倒流至上水平段的现象,目前对该现象的研究并不常见。对等高度差自然循环系统的上水平段倒流特性进行了可视化实验研究。实验结果表明,上水平段倒流长度随流量的增加而减小,随着加热段出口流体与倒流流体温差的增大而增加。研究发现,上水平段倒流现象主要受加热段出口流体惯性力和与倒流流体形成的浮升力共同影响,并且倒流现象的发生可以通过Richardson数来判定。     

Transient Pressure and Temperature Field Measurements in a Lightly Loaded Circumferential Groove Journal Bearing from Startup to Steady-State Thermal Stabilization

The fluid film pressure and temperature fields have been measured simultaneously under laboratory conditions at one land of a circumferential groove journal bearing (CGJB), together with friction torque and oil flow rate, during a time span from stand-still startup to the development of a thermally stabilized steady operating regime.A very fine measurement grid—that is, 216 pressure and 180 temperature points spread across the axial and circumferential directions—has been obtained by joining and synchronizing measurements from separate test runs while rigorously re-creating the test conditions.The study confirmed that the pressure field is established faster than the temperature field, that film rupture occurs both from cavitation nuclei downstream the minimum film thickness and through air ingestion from the environment. Furthermore, the high pressures in the convergent zone stabilize relatively quickly, whereas the low pressures in the divergent zone cavitated region require a longer time to stabilize. The cavitated region reverse flow appearance has been identified thermally through upstream-oriented isotherms. This study is the first to present the transient evolutions of pressure and temperature fields.     

两种边界条件设置方法在ISPH中的比较

以平板驱动二维腔剪切流作为标准算例,对比考察镜像虚粒子与静态虚粒子两种边界设置方法,分别在两种不可压缩流SPH(ISPH-DF与ISPH-DI)中的应用。结果显示,采用静态虚粒子边界,计算精度更高;ISPH-DF算法较ISPH-DI法更加稳定。     

费托合成浆态床速度分布和浓度分布的模拟及其影响规律

提出了浆态床速度分布的一维流体力学模型和合成气液相浓度分布的二维扩散模型,用于描述浆态床液相返混对费托合成反应的影响。模型计算结果与示范工厂数据符合良好。计算表明,液相返混状态对合成气转化率有显著影响。利用模型考察了空塔气速对合成气转化率和空时产率的影响规律,随气速增加,合成气转化率单调下降,空时产率先增大后缓慢降低;塔径放大后,中心液速和液相循环流率都增大,浆料返混加剧,费托合成反应转化率降低。     

Multiphase CFD-based models for chemical looping combustion process: Fuel reactor modeling

Chemical looping combustion (CLC) is a flameless two-step fuel combustion that produces a pure CO₂ stream, ready for compression and sequestration. The process is composed of two interconnected fluidized bed reactors. The air reactor which is a conventional circulating fluidized bed and the fuel reactor which is a bubbling fluidized bed. The basic principle is to avoid the direct contact of air and fuel during the combustion by introducing a highly-reactive metal particle, referred to as oxygen carrier, to transport oxygen from the air to the fuel. In the process, the products from combustion are kept separated from the rest of the flue gases namely nitrogen and excess oxygen. This process eliminates the energy intensive step to separate the CO₂ from nitrogen-rich flue gas that reduce the thermal efficiency.Fundamental knowledge of multiphase reactive fluid dynamic behavior of the gas-solid flow is essential for the optimization and operation of a chemical looping combustor.Our recent thorough literature review shows that multiphase CFD-based models have not been adapted to chemical looping combustion processes in the open literature. In this study, we have developed the reaction kinetics model of the fuel reactor and implemented the kinetic model into a multiphase hydrodynamic model, MFIX, developed earlier at the National Energy Technology Laboratory. Simulated fuel reactor flows revealed high weight fraction of unburned methane fuel in the flue gas along with CO₂ and H₂O. This behavior implies high fuel loss at the exit of the reactor and indicates the necessity to increase the residence time, say by decreasing the fuel flow rate, or to recirculate the unburned methane after condensing and removing CO₂.     

湍动浆态床流体力学研究（Ⅰ）气含率及其分布规律

对高气速、高固含率、大塔径条件下的湍动浆态床平均气含率和气含率径向分布进行了实验测定,结合工业实验数据,归纳出可用于工业条件的气含率计算关联式,给出了简化的流体力学模型用于气含率分布的模拟。结果表明,浆态床气含率将随塔径增加而降低,固含率与塔径之间存在交互影响;同时,气含率的径向分布也随气速和塔径的增大而改变,存在明显的放大效应,简化模型能够较好地模拟实验结果。     

三重环流生物流化床的流体力学与传质特性

从气相含率,液体循环速度和体积氧传质系数方面研究自行设计新型结构的三重环流生物流化床的流体力学与传质特性。流化床反应器的有效体积２３Ｌ,实验条件是以空气为气相,水为液相,树脂为固相,固含率分别为０％,３％,６％和９％。实验结果表明,气相含率是影响反应器流体力学和传质特性的主要因素,气相含率增大可降低液体循环速度,增大体积氧传质系数。