Influence of geometry and solids concentration on the hydrodynamics and mass transfer of a rectangular airlift reactor for marine sediment and soil bioremediation

Hydrodynamics and mass transfer characteristics of a three-phase airlift reactor were studied in a rectangular split-vessel reactor and using an air-seawater-marine sediment system. Experiments were conducted over a range of downcomer to riser cross-sectional area ratios (A_D/A_R = 0.65 to 1.0) for two-phase systems and for five sediment concentrations (5 to 25% w/v) using marine sediments. The influence of higher sediment concentrations (30 to 50% w/v) was examined for A_D/A_R = 1. The presence of fine sediment particles in the system had little effect on hydrodynamic and mass transfer parameters compared to the two-phase systems up to 25% loading, decreasing at higher loadings. The airlift reactor was found to meet the dissolved oxygen demand needed for a contaminated sediment treatment process. Axial distribution of the particles was uniform along the riser and the downcomer. Correlations were developed that described the hydrodynamic and mass transfer behaviour for all experimental conditions examined.     

Modeling of partial oxidation in gas–solids downer reactors

Selective partial oxidations represent an important class of reactions in the process industry. Of particular interest is the partial oxidation of n‐butane to maleic anhydride (MAN), which is arguably the largest commercialized alkane partial oxidation process. Partial oxidation of n‐butane, which uses vanadium phosphorous oxide (VPO) as a heterogeneous catalyst, is believed to operate through a unique mechanism in which lattice oxygen oxidizes n‐butane selectively to MAN. Past work has shown that performing partial oxidation reactions in gas–solids riser configuration is realizable and commercially viable, which has lead to commercialization of this technology in the last decade. Though the riser configuration allows optimal and independent control of the oxidation and reduction steps, the riser unit suffers from solid backmixing at walls, which in turn result into lower conversion, nonoptimal selectivity and diminished overall yield of desired product. In recent years, there has been growing interest in downers involving cocurrent downflow of both solids and gas phases, hence offering relatively uniform flow characteristics. In this contribution, we explore through modeling the implications of effecting partial oxidation reactions in a downer (gas–solids cocurrent downflow) compared to that in a conventional riser reactor (gas–solids cocurrent up flow) operated under equivalent operating conditions. Further, we explore the operational space of downers for these reactions, suggesting ways for improving the productivity of downer for partial oxidation applications. © 2009 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2010     

喷射式并流填料塔板流体力学和传质性能

提出一种新型高效塔板——喷射式并流填料塔板（ＪＣＰＴ）,介绍１２００ｍｍ冷模塔流体力学实验结果和２００ｍｍ热模塔传质效率,给出了适用于工业设计性能参数的计算关联式。通过与新垂直筛板（ＮＶＳＴ）的比较表明,ＪＣＰＴ具有雾沫夹带小、处理能力大、塔板效率高等特点,是一种具有广泛应用前景的新型高效塔板。     

岩石渗透试验瞬态法的水动力学分析

压力脉冲瞬态法是一种专门进行岩石渗透率测试的新方法。对多孔介质渗流的水动力学分析表明,在岩石渗透试验的瞬态法中,水流动量方程可以不考虑流速的变化率。对于致密岩石,出现高速非Darcy流的特征不显著,在一般条件下Darcy定律仍然有效。给出压力脉冲瞬态法的物理模型和数学模型,采用等梯度假设简化连续性方程,针对上下游压力容器的不同控制条件,推导各种情况下压力测试曲线的解译公式。这些解译公式为分析不同控制方式下的试验过程和计算岩石渗透率提供了方便。实例表明,基于等梯度假设的解译公式对压力脉冲瞬态法所产生的渗透率测试曲线基本适用。     

网板填料复合旋转床的流体力学与传质性能

开发了一种新型的气液接触设备——网板填料复合旋转床。常压下以空气-水物系和乙醇-水物系在网板填料复合旋转床中进行流体力学与传质性能实验,考察了气液流量和转子转速对网板填料复合旋转床压降和传质性能的影响。实验结果表明,气体流量和转子转速的增大均使干、湿床气相压降增大;液体流量的增加对湿床压降的影响不明显。回流量和转速的增加均使等板高度减少至一定值后几乎不变。网板填料复合旋转床具有通量大、效率高、压降小的特点。     

萃取塔设备研究和应用的若干新进展

溶剂萃取是一种重要的化工分离技术,在湿法冶金、原子能化工、石油化工等领域有着广泛的应用。萃取塔优点突出但设计放大困难。本文介绍了国外萃取塔数学模型和设计放大研究概况及其最新进展,并较详细地介绍了我国萃取塔设备的研究、创新和应用。鉴于脉冲筛板塔在核工业中的重要地位,着重介绍了在汪家鼎先生指导下所进行的脉冲筛板塔两相流体力学、纵向返混和传质特性等方面的系统研究工作,指出所形成的以特性速度进行塔径放大和考虑纵向混合的按基本原理进行脉冲筛板萃取塔放大设计的体系具有重要的普遍意义。所创制的"分散-聚并型"脉冲筛板塔性能优越,已在大型工业装置中得到成功的应用。也介绍了在我国广泛应用的转盘萃取塔、填料萃取塔和脉冲填料萃取塔的研究、创新和应用情况。其中在理论研究基础上创制的新型转盘萃取塔(NRDC)、内弯弧形筋片扁环填料(SMR)和挠性梅花扁环填料(PFMR)性能优良,推广应用效果显著。     

Analysis of cohesive failure in adhesively bonded joints with the SSPH meshless method

Adhesives have become the method of choice for many structural joining applications. Therefore, there is a need for improved understanding of adhesive joint performance, especially their failure, under a variety of loading conditions. Various numerical methods have been proposed to predict the failure of adhesive bonded material systems. These methods generally use a cohesive zone model (CZM) to analyze crack initiation and failure loci. The CZM incorporates a traction–separation law which relates the jump in surface tractions with the jump in displacements of abutting nodes of the cohesive segment; the area under the curve relating these jumps equals the energy release rate which is determined from experimental data. Values of parameters in the CZM are usually obtained through the comparison of results of numerical simulations with the experimental data for pure mode I and mode II deformations. Here a numerical approach to simulate crack initiation and propagation has been developed by implementing CZM in the meshless method using the symmetric smoothed particle hydrodynamics (SSPH) basis functions, and using the design of experiments technique to find optimal values of CZM parameters for mode I failure. Unlike in the finite element method where a crack generally follows a path between element boundaries, in the meshless method a crack can follow the path dictated by the physics of the problem. The numerical technique has been used to study the initiation and propagation of a crack in a double cantilever beam under mode I and mixed mode in-plane loadings. Computed results are found to agree well with the corresponding experimental findings. Significant contributions of the work include the determination of optimum values of CZM parameters, and simulating mode I, mode II and mixed mode failures using a meshless method with the SSPH basis functions.