Dynamics in input and output coefficients for land use studies: a case study for nitrogen in crop rotations

Increasingly, model-based approaches play a role in the design and development of new land use systems. Simulation modeling may play a role in the generation of land use systems for land units, and optimization modeling (e.g. linear programming – LP) may be used in the upscaling to farm and region. In the quantification of new land use systems for land units, often equilibrium conditions with respect to soil resources are assumed, following a so-called target-oriented approach. This facilitates ex ante computation of inputs and emissions of nutrients and allows their use in static optimization models based on LP. The condition of equilibrium in soil resources is often not met, nor is it the ultimate aim. Hence, the dynamics in new systems are insufficiently dealt with. This paper presents an approach for the design of land use systems (crop rotations) and their quantification in terms of input and output coefficients, using particular yields and dynamics in soil resources as targets. Interactions between N input and output of succeeding crops are explicitly taken into account. A simple N-balance model is used describing major processes affecting soil N-dynamics. For the Koutiala region in Mali five crop rotations are evaluated that differ in target crop yield, crop choice, crop residue management and external N source. Modeled crop rotations aiming at high yields, in combination with incorporation of crop residues and legumes, result in depletion of soil N stock. Only in crop rotations aiming at high yields and with incorporation of crop residues combined with a supply of large quantities of animal manure, soil N depletion can be prevented. Four approaches are presented of how to use the dynamic input–output coefficients of these systems in land use studies using LP: (i) use of average coefficients, (ii) use of discounted coefficients, (iii) use of pessimistic estimates of coefficients in an optimization of the land use allocation followed by a recalculation of the objective values for the optimized land use with optimistic coefficients, and (iv) a combined use of systems characteristics, i.e. cumulative N-inputs of land use systems over the time horizon and the magnitude of the soil N pool at the end of the time horizon, which can be used as filters for land use systems. Though none of the approaches completely captures the dynamics in input–output coefficients, they enable a well-founded consideration of the consequences of dynamics in, for instance, soil N stocks in static optimization approaches for farm and regional studies.     

地层主曲率在研究储层裂缝发育中的应用

曲面曲率的几何意义可以反映曲面一点邻近区域的具体形态和变形特征,因而可以用主曲率法来评价和预测油气储层裂缝分布和发育程度,应用这种方法对泌阳深凹陷中心安棚鼻状构造带进行了评价。研究结果表明,采用主曲率法预测的结果与地质解释、钻井和测井资料吻合较好,具有很好的应用前景。     

Influence of aggregates on chloride diffusion coefficient into mortar

In order to determine the influence of aggregates on chloride ion ingress, mortar specimens were cast with different aggregate size distribution and the same aggregate volume content. One side of the specimen was in contact with alkaline solution containing sodium chloride. The process of chloride ingress is due to diffusion. The effect of the interfacial transition zone (ITZ) around aggregate and of the tortuosity due to aggregates have been taken into account for interpreting the experimental data obtained. These two competing effects have been quantified by using the theory of composite materials. It appears that the diffusion coefficient varies as a function of the ITZ volume content and of the tortuosity.     

跨国化工企业在我国的投资现状

由于市场、人力资源及成本的优势,跨过公司在我国的投资不断增加,我国已成为全球研发投资项目的最大积聚地。介绍了近几年跨国化工企业在我国投资的项目情况,新一轮的投资主要集中在长江三角洲地区。随着众多跨国公司的签约,催生了南京化学工业园区、上海化学工业区、泉州泉港石化工业区,惠州大亚湾石油化学工业区,同时也将一体化基地的理念带入中国。     

一种检测单晶炉热场温度的新方法

为去除单晶炉热场温度测量信号中的低频干扰、提高温度信号的估计精度,本文提出了一种基于跨维模拟退火(trans dimensional simulated annealing,TDSA)的单晶炉热场温度检测方法.该方法首先将AIC(Akaike information criterion)信号个数判断准则纳入采样机制中以便对干扰个数采样估计,进而利用所设计的基于信号频谱和轮盘赌思想的Metropolis Hastings机制对相应个数的干扰频率进行采样,最后设计了混合均匀和高斯采样机制对单晶炉热场温度进行采样估计.仿真和单晶炉工程实验结果表明,该方法在干扰个数未知的情况下,能够有效地抑制低频干扰、准确检测单晶炉热场的温度.     

5’-单磷酸腺苷在乙醇-水中介稳区性质研究

针对5’-单磷酸腺苷(5’-AMP)在溶析结晶中易出现爆发结晶的问题,分别采用静态法和激光法测定了293—323 K下5’-AMP在纯水以及溶剂体积比为0.3—2.0的乙醇-水体系中的溶解度和超溶解度,以指数经验关联式建立了超溶解度关联式,并在试验条件下考察了温度、乙醇流速、pH值和搅拌速率对介稳区宽度的影响。运用中心复合设计预测了5’-AMP在本溶析结晶体系中介稳区间,并用扫描电镜观察了5’-AMP在结晶条件优化前后晶体形态的变化情况,为工业生产中提高结晶产品质量提供了理论指导。     

基于数字式红外传感器的姿态测量盲区补偿法

单轴红外姿态测量系统在测量小型无人机姿态角时存在盲区,通过增加一组与原轴线相垂直的红外传感器,形成双轴姿态测量系统,对盲区进行补偿。两组红外传感器一定有一组位于倾角可测区域,通过测试目标轴的输出温差的大小,判断位于可测区域的轴线,可实现对目标轴姿态角的解算。首次采用数字式输出红外热电堆传感器设计实现了180°无盲区的姿态角测量模块,经过测试,其静态误差小于2°。     

硫代苄基半胱氨酸结晶介稳区的测定及分析

考察了硫代苄基半胱氨酸(SBC)在不同的温度、pH值下的不同溶剂中的溶解度及SBC的结晶介稳区。并应用经典成核理论,计算得到固液界面张力σ,预测了SBC的结晶介稳区,理论计算值与实验数值非常相近,表明Mullin估算方法对于氨基酸类化合物结晶分离研究,仍有实际指导意义。     

Euclidean Distance Mapping for computing microstructural gradients at interfaces in composite materials

This paper presents an image analysis procedure using Euclidean Distance Mapping to compute microstructural gradients at interfaces in composite materials. This method is capable of producing phase distribution plots at single pixel strip width very quickly and efficiently. Compared to conventional dilation-subtraction strip analysis, the new method is faster, more flexible and is not constrained by feature geometry and boundary conditions. This allows for truly random and unbiased sampling. The new method was applied to investigate microstructural gradients at the interfacial transition zone (ITZ) of an ordinary Portland cement concrete. The average results show strong gradients in anhydrous cement and detectable porosity at the ITZ, but this is highly variable from location to location. The overall ITZ characteristics depend on the amount of calcium hydroxide deposited on aggregate particles. The new method was able to measure the effect of these calcium hydroxide deposits on the porosity gradient, which has not been reported before.     

A multiscale model for effective moduli of concrete incorporating ITZ water-cement ratio gradients, aggregate size distributions, and entrapped voids

This paper develops a model for the effective elastic properties of concrete, which is a function of the volume fractions, size distributions, and elastic properties of fine aggregate (FA) and coarse aggregate (FA) and entrapped voids. Furthermore, the model is a function of the overall water-cement ratio and specific gravity of cement. Explicitly modeled are the water-cement ratio gradients through the interfacial transition zone (ITZ), which, in turn, affect the variation of the cement paste elastic properties through the ITZ, while maintaining the total fractions of cement and water consistent with the overall water-cement ratio. The ITZ volume is also conserved.