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This paper reports a study on the distribution of dinitrogen between the atmosphere, floodwater and porewater of the soil in a flooded rice field after addition of15N-labelled urea into the floodwater.Microplots (0.086 m2) were established in a rice field near Griffith, N.S.W., and labelled urea (80 kg N ha–1 containing 79.25 atoms %15N) was added to the floodwater when the rice was at the panicle initiation stage. Emission of nitrous oxide and dinitrogen was measured directly during the day and overnight, using a cover collection method and gas chromatographic and mass spectrometric analytical methods. Ammonia volatilization was calculated with a bulk aerodynamic method from measurements of wind speed and floodwater pH, temperature and ammoniacal nitrogen concentration. Seven days after urea application the15N2 content of the floodwater and soil porewater was determined and total fertilizer nitrogen loss was calculated from an isotopic balance.Throughout the experimental period gas fluxes were low; nitrous oxide, ammonia and dinitrogen flux densities were less than 5, 170 and 720 g N ha–1 d–1, respectively. The greatest dinitrogen flux density was observed two days after urea addition and this declined to ~ 100 g ha–1 d–1 after seven days.The data indicate that, of the urea nitrogen added, 0.02% was lost to the atmosphere as nitrous oxide, 0.9% was lost by ammonia volatilization, and 3.6% was lost as dinitrogen gas during the 7 days of measurement. At the end of this period 0.028% and 0.002% of the added nitrogen was retained as dinitrogen gas in the floodwater and soil porewater respectively. Recovery of the15N applied as nitrogen gases, plant uptake, and soil and floodwater constituents totaled about 94% of the nitrogen added. 相似文献
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Amare Haileslassie Joerg A. Priess Edzo Veldkamp Jan Peter Lesschen 《Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems》2006,75(1-3):135-146
Low agricultural productivity caused by soil degradation is a serious problem in the Ethiopian Highlands. Here, we report how differences in soil fertility management between farming systems, based either on enset (Ensete ventricosum) or on teff (Eragrostis tef) as the major crops, affect the extent of nutrient stocks, balances and ecosystem sustainability. We collected information on farmers’ resources and nutrient management practices from stratified randomly selected households in two watersheds in the Central Highlands of Ethiopia. In addition, we collected soil samples from each land use and calculated nutrient stocks, partial and full nutrient balances (N, P and K) for one cropping season. Our results show that farmers in the two farming systems manage their soils differently and that nutrient inputs were positively related to farmers’ wealth status. The watershed with the enset-based system had higher soil N and K stocks than the watershed with the teff-based system, while P stocks were not different. Management related N?and K fluxes were more negative in the teff-based system (?28 kg N ha?1 yr?1 and ?34 kg K ha?1 yr?1) than in the enset-based system (?6 kg N ha?1 yr?1 and ?14 kg K ha?1 yr?1) while P fluxes were almost neutral or slightly positive. Within the enset-based system, a strong redistribution of N, P and K took place from the meadows and cereals (negative balance) to enset (positive balances). Although in the teff-based system, N, P and K were redistributed from meadows, small cereals and pulses to maize, the latter still showed a negative nutrient balance. In contrast to nutrient balances at land use level, nutrient balances at the watershed scale masked contrasting areas within the system where nutrient oversupply and deficiencies occurred. 相似文献
45.
The crystal-growth process and growth conditions of β-alumina (Na2 O · Al2 O3 ) were investigated using the Na2 B4 O7 -Na3 AlF6 flux method. β-Alumina (electric fusion brick) was used as both nutrient and seed. Weight loss of the flux varied widely for various runs: ≅ 10 wt% of flux evaporated at 100 h, ≅ 17 wt% at 150 h, and 43 wt% at 600 h. When β-alumina crystal was grown, only 20 wt% Na2 B4 O7 was added to the Na3 AlF6 flux. The linear growth rates of the β-alumina single crystal grown by an Na3 AlF6 -20 wt% Na2 B4 O7 flux method at 1040°C and Δ t = 18°C were ≅ 1.0 × 10−3 mm/h ( a face) and ≅0.3 × 10−3 mm/h ( c face). The β-alumina single crystals grown were bounded by only c [001] and a [100] and were colorless and transparent. 相似文献
46.
利用三维软件进行设计代表了模具设计的发展方向,它有利于对模具进行实体造型、成型过程模拟以及模具缺陷检测分析的研究。在分析研究ProE进行精密注射模设计的基础上,介绍了应用Pro/Engineer2001进行模具设计的基本流程,应用软件中的一些功能对所设计的模具进行了检测分析,并通过一个具体的实例演示了该过程。 相似文献
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48.
聚合物流变性能对共注射成型的影响 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
在共注射成型多相分层流动充模成型机理的基础上,揭示了芯壳层熔体对共注射成型的分层界面形貌和芯层熔体前沿突破的影响,并模拟了芯壳层熔体粘度比对共注射成型的影响,建立了芯壳层熔体粘度与分层界面和前沿移动界面菜貌的关系。本文的模拟研究结果与一些文献的实验结果相吻合。 相似文献
49.
拉深无凸缘筒形件,由于拉深后筒口边部凸凹不平。采用移动式凸轮,在水平十字形四个方向使凹模浮动与固定的凸模形成相对的剪切刃口,将多余的不平整的边部切掉。每浮动一次切开圆周长的四分之一多一点,共浮动四次。 相似文献
50.
为分析沉积层应变的变化情况,并找出温度与形变的变化规律,采用有限元分析软件ANSYS计算并绘制不同时刻以及不同位置沉积层内的温度及应力应变曲线,在建立传热模型过程中考虑了金属液滴向沉积层的传热以及沉积层向系统外的热量散失等问题.采用在厚度方向以微小层逐层叠加来模拟涂层的增厚,并以此为基础构造沉积层有限元计算模型,应用单元生与死逐层激活层单元参与计算过程.实现移动边界以充分模拟真实的喷涂沉积过程.通过分析不同时刻以及不同位置沉积层内的应力应变曲线,获得了沉积层应力应变变化规律.结果表明,沉积层内存在残余塑性应变,且沉积层与母模接触部位等效应力最大,是最易翘曲的地方,验证了沉积层失稳的一般形式. 相似文献