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71.
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以1,4-丁二醇为溶剂提取玉米芯中的木质素,考察了反应温度、原料/溶剂固液比(g/mL)、1,4-丁二醇的质量分数、反应时间等因素对木质素收率的影响。最佳萃取条件为:反应温度200℃,固液比(g/mL)1:10,1,4-丁二醇的质量分数90%,反应时间1h,以少量硫酸作为催化剂,木质素收率37.03%。红外光谱分析结果表明,1,4.T-醇提取的玉米芯木质素较好地保存了木质素原有结构。 相似文献
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The paper presents two types of a passive safety containment for a near future BWR. They are named Mark S and Mark X containment. One of their common merits is very low peak pressure at severe accidents without venting the containment atmosphere to the environment. The PCV pressure can be moderated within the design pressure. Another merit is the capability to submerge the PCV and the RPV above the core level. The third merit is robustness against external events such as a large commercial airplane crash. Both the containments have a passive cooling core catcher that has radial cooling channels. The Mark S containment is made of reinforced concrete and applicable to a large power BWR up to 1830 MWe. The Mark X containment has the steel secondary containment and can be cooled by natural circulation of outside air. It can accommodate a medium power BWR up to 1380 MWe. In both cases the plants have active and passive safety systems constituting in-depth hybrid safety (IDHS). The IDHS provides not only hardware diversity between active and passive safety systems but also more importantly diversity of the ultimate heat sinks between the atmosphere and the sea water. Although the plant concept discussed in the paper uses well-established technology, plant performance including economy is innovatively and evolutionally improved. Nothing is new in the hardware but everything is new in the performance. 相似文献
76.
J. Buongiorno L.W. Hu G. Apostolakis R. Hannink T. Lucas A. Chupin 《Nuclear Engineering and Design》2009,239(5):941-20104
Nanofluids, colloidal dispersions of nanoparticles, exhibit a substantially higher critical heat flux (CHF) compared to water. As such, they could be used to enhance the in-vessel retention (IVR) capability in the severe accident management strategy implemented by certain light-water reactors. It is envisioned that, at normal operating conditions, the nanofluid would be stored in dedicated storage tanks, which, upon actuation, would discharge into the reactor cavity through injection lines. The design of the injection system was explored with risk-informed analyses and computational fluid dynamics. It was determined that the system has a reasonably low failure probability, and that, once injected, the nanofluid would be delivered effectively to the reactor vessel surface within seconds. It was also shown analytically that the increase in decay power removal through the vessel using a nanofluid is about 40%, which could be exploited to provide a higher IVR safety margin or, for a given margin, to enable IVR at higher core power. Finally, the colloidal stability of a candidate alumina-based nanofluid in an IVR environment was experimentally investigated, and it was found that this nanofluid would be stable against dilution, exposure to gamma radiation, and mixing with boric acid and lithium hydroxide, but not tri-sodium phosphate. 相似文献
77.
核态沸腾换热在传热传质方面有着重要的作用,其发生机理和传热传质过程仍是研究的重点。随着实验手段的提高,微液层模型得到了广泛的关注。通过对微液层中传热传质的分析,建立了微液层厚度与热流密度和气化率之间的关系。利用界面扩散法对汽液相界面进行追踪,并在汽泡与加热壁面之间构建微液层模型,研究在核态沸腾条件下,微液层的变化对汽泡生长和加热壁面温度分布的影响。结果表明,数值模拟得到的汽泡生长过程和加热壁面温度分布与实验结果吻合得很好,初步验证了模型的正确性。并通过数值模拟,进一步分析了汽泡生长过程中微液层、干性区域和汽泡底部半径的变化规律以及壁面温度的分布情况。 相似文献
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采用壁面热分配模型(即RPI模型)对PSBT基准题中的5×5均匀加热全长棒束过冷沸腾传热进行了数值模拟研究。重点分析了加热段末端搅混格架(MVG)下游简单支撑格架(SSG)对棒束通道内流动过冷沸腾传热特性的影响。在水力特性方面,研究发现SSG的形阻压降约为MVG的53%,且对棒束通道内的横向流动具有显著抑制作用。为反映SSG对搅混过程的影响,采用子通道平均横流速度比沿轴向的发展过程对其进行了分析。分析发现,在SSG附近横流速度比迅速衰减,衰减后的横流速度比与光棒束时的大小相当。由于SSG对横流过程的破坏,改变了发热表面的传热特性,在其下游气相迅速包覆加热表面,蒸发热流密度较无SSG情况偏高5%,加热段末端空泡份额偏高0.006,壁面过热度偏高0.3 ℃。 相似文献
80.
Experiments were carried out on the flow pattern, heat transfer, and pressure drop of flow boiling of pure CO2 and CO2‐oil mixtures in horizontal smooth and micro‐fin tubes. The smooth tube is a stainless steel tube with an inner diameter of 3.76 mm. The micro‐fin tube is a copper tube with a mean inner diameter of 3.75 mm. The experiments were carried out at mass velocities from 100 to 500 kg/(m2·s), saturation temperature of 10 °C, and the circulation ratio of lubricating oil (PAG) was from 0 to 1.0 mass%. Flow pattern observations mainly showed slug and wavy flow for the smooth tube, but annular flow for the micro‐fin tube. Compared with the flow patterns in the case of pure CO2, an increase in frequency of slug occurrence in the slug flow region, and a decrease in the quantity of liquid at the top of the tube in the annular flow region were observed in the case of CO2‐oil mixtures. With pure CO2, the flow boiling heat transfer was dominated by nucleate boiling in the low vapor quality region, and the heat transfer coefficients for the micro‐fin tube were higher than those of the smooth tube. With CO2‐oil mixtures, the flow boiling heat transfer was dominated by convective evaporation, especially in the high vapor quality region. In addition, the heat transfer coefficient decreased significantly when the oil circulation ratio was larger than 0.1 mass%. For the pressure drop characteristics, in the case of pure CO2, the homogeneous flow model agreed with the experimental results within ±30% for the smooth tube. The pressure drops of the micro‐fin tube were 0–70% higher than those predicted with the homogeneous flow model, and the pressure drops increased for the high oil circulation ratio and high vapor quality conditions. The increases in the pressure drops were considered to be due to the increase in the thickness of the oil film and the decrease in the effective flow cross‐sectional area. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heat Trans Asian Res; Published online in Wiley InterScience ( www.interscience.wiley.com ). DOI 10.1002/htj.20287 相似文献