数学模型在二元复配剂最优配比筛选中的应用

采用共毒系数法对复配剂的最优配比进行筛选可能会造成真正最优配比的漏筛,且工作量大,具有局限性。以朱砂叶螨、菜缢管蚜和亚洲玉米螟为试虫,分别对甲氰菊酯、阿维菌素、辛硫磷、啶虫脒、杀虫单、三唑磷、甲·阿、辛·啶和三·杀进行毒力测定并计算共毒系数Y。将甲氰菊酯、辛硫磷和三唑磷在各自复配剂有效成分中的质量分数k进行反正弦转换(X=arcsin(K)1/2),通过SPSS软件拟和K反正弦转换值与共毒系数的数学模型。甲·阿、辛·啶和三·杀的数学模型为Y1=-30179.08 769.24X1-4.8472X12;Y2=-22025.37 616.45X2-4.2513X22;Y3=-227.45 19.03X3-0.2304X32。对上述3个方程进行求导可得:Y1'=769.24-9.6944X1;Y2'=616.45-8.5026X2;Y3'=19.03-0.4608X3。令Y'=0,则有X1=79.34;X2=72.50;X3=41.30。将X1、X2和X3值分别代入各自的方程可以求得甲·阿、辛·啶和三·杀复配剂的最大共毒系数分别为340.09、321.36和165.50,将X1、X2和X3值代入X=arcsin(K)1/2中可以求得各单剂在复配剂有效成分中的质量分数K值,根据K值可以求得:甲氰菊酯和阿维菌素的最优配比为28∶1;辛硫磷和啶虫脒的最优配比为10∶1;三唑磷和杀虫单最优配比为7.7∶10。     

Antioxidant effect of soy lecithins on vegetable oil stability and their synergism with tocopherols

The antioxidant effect of lecithins was tested on several oils and fats varying in FA composition and tocopherol content. Standard lecithins, when added at a level of 1% w/w, exhibited a good protective effect against oxidation. This effect was observed to depend on the phospholipid content of the tested lecithins and the FA composition of the tested oils. Better results were obtained with lecithin samples containing high proportions of PC and PE. Indeed, the main antioxidant mechanism of lecithins was due to a synergistic effect between amino-alcohol phospholipids and γ- and δ-tocopherols. No synergism was observed with α-tocopherols, especially when the tested oil was rich in linoleic acid. Therefore, the antioxidant protection of lecithins was not effective for sunflower oil. Finally, the use of fractionated or enriched lecithins was not clearly advantageous compared to standard oil lecithins.     

Gemini surfactants

The literature, including patents, describing the emerging area of gemini surfactants is reviewed. The differences in structure/property relationships between gemini and comparable conventional surfactants are described and discussed in terms of their predicted performance properties. Supportive performance data are enumerated.     

Synergism in the wetting properties of ternary surfactant mixtures

It has been shown that ternary surfactant synergism can be predicted on the basis of nonideality parameters of binary subsystems derived from advancing contact angles. Studies with appropriate surfactant mixtures of glucamides, ether sulfates, secondary alkane sulfonates, and alkylamidopropyl betaines were performed on substrates of different polarity.     

Solvent extraction of nickel from acidic solutions using synergistic mixtures containing pyridinecarboxylate esters. Part 3. Systems based on arylsulphonic acids

The solvent extraction of nickel and calcium from acidic solutions by mixtures of dinonylnaphthalene sulphonic acid (DNNSA) and different pyridinecarboxylate esters (2-, 3- and 4-C₅H₄.CO.OR, where R = n-octyl, 2-ethylhexyl and 2-octyl) in xylene was investigated. In contrast to extraction systems employing DNNSA alone, these mixtures permit the separation of nickel and calcium to be carried out, especially when an excess of the ester is used. The extractability of base metals from sulphate solutions by mixtures of DNNSA (0·25 M ) and isodecyl 3-pyridinecarboxylate (0·25 M ) in Shellsol K decreases through the series Cu > Ni > Al > Co > Ca > Zn > Fe(III) > Mg. Mixtures containing the 2- or 4-ester showed a slightly different selectivity series: Cu > Ni > Co > Zn > Al > Fe(III) ≥ Ca > Mg. In a batch countercurrent experiment, a simulated leach liquor containing Ni 2·15, Mg 5·05 and Ca 0·42 g dm⁻³ (initial pH 3·0) was extracted with the mixed reagent (0·25 M DNNSA plus 0·25 M 4-ester) in four stages at unit phase ratio, without any pH adjustment. The recovery of nickel was 91%, with co-extractions of calcium and magnesium of 14 and 8%, respectively. When the concentration of the 4-ester was increased to 0·50 M , the recovery of nickel increased to 95%, whilst the co-extractions of calcium and magnesium decreased to 4 and 3%, respectively. © 1998 SCI.     

Flavonoids quercetin,myricetin, kaemferol and (+)‐catechin as antioxidants in methyl linoleate

The antioxidant effect of the flavonoids quercetin, myricetin, kaemferol, (+)‐catechin and rutin on methyl linoleate oxidation was investigated. In addition, the synergistic effects of flavonoids and α‐tocopherol were studied. Oxidation was monitored by conjugated diene measurement and by determining the formation of hydroperoxide isomers by HPLC. The antioxidant activity of flavonoids in non‐polar methyl linoleate differ from that previously reported in water‐containing systems, such as LDL and liposome systems. The activity of antioxidants (10–1000 μM ) measured by hydroperoxide formation decreased in the order: myricetin>quercetin>α‐tocopherol>(+)‐catechin >kaemferol=rutin. The antioxidant activity of flavonoids increased as the number of phenolic hydroxyl groups increased. In addition to the number of hydroxyl groups, other structural features such as the 2,3 double bond in the C‐ring and a glycoside moiety in the molecule had an effect on the antioxidant activity. Myricetin and rutin, especially had a synergistic effect with α‐tocopherol. Myricetin, quercetin and rutin protected α‐tocopherol from decomposition, myricetin being the most protective. The relative hydrogen‐donating activity measured by the ratio of cis,trans‐ to trans,transhydroperoxide isomers formed during oxidation decreased in the order: α‐tocopherol >myricetin>quercetin. Hydroperoxide isomeric distribution of the samples containing kaemferol or rutin did not differ from the control. Thus, although α‐tocopherol was the most effective hydrogendonor, myricetin and quercetin were more effective antioxidants in inhibiting the hydroperoxide formation in methyl linoleate. © 1999 Society of Chemical Industry     

A new electrochemical technique to study tribocorrosion at the micrometric scale

A new method to investigate the tribocorrosion properties of metals and alloys has been developed with which the current density of a metal probe in an electrolyte under rubbing conditions can be measured. The electrochemical microcell consists of a microcapillary (inner diameter 0.84 mm); the rubbing partner is an Al₂O₃ tube which rotates inside the microcapillary. Rotational speed, load and applied electrical potential can be varied, so that it is possible to analyse the corrosion rate during rubbing under various controlled conditions. With conventional tribocorrosion machines (e.g., pin-on-disc, ball-on-plate rig) and also with single-scratch test machines, the current measured also derives from surface areas which are not undergoing mechanical wear. In the present method, the activation of specific surface areas under rubbing conditions, and subsequent repassivation, can be studied separately.     

界面相容剂对PE-HD/木粉复合材料力学性能的影响

用不同的界面相容剂对高密度聚乙烯(PE-HD)/木粉复合材料进行界面处理,研究了界面相容剂的含量、种类对复合体系力学性能的影响.结果表明,界面相容剂的加入使复合体系的力学性能有不同程度的改善,其中MAPE的加入,对体系的拉伸、弯曲强度提高最大,在MAPE含量为10%时,复合体系的力学性能达到最大值;经EPDM-MA处理的复合材料,其冲击韧性有明显提高;EVA-MA的加入,使复合材料的性能有所提高;SBS对体系界面粘接力的影响不明显;但MAPE和弹性体SBS复配处理的复合体系,其冲击强度的提高尤为显著,这可能是由于MAPE和SBS在复合体系中发生了协效作用,形成具有柔韧性的中间相所致.     

磺酸盐与磺酸盐表面活性剂协同作用研究

为获得具有性能优良的表面活性剂,研究了磺酸盐与磺酸盐表面活性剂在降低油水界面张力方面的协同作用。选取了十二烷基苯磺酸钠(C12ΦS)与4-(7'-十四烷基)苯磺酸钠(7C14ΦS)、4-(8'-十八烷基)苯磺酸钠(8C18ΦS),绘制了磺酸盐及复配体系的烷烃扫描曲线,考察了表面活性剂的亲水亲油性能、复配比例对协同作用的影响及磺酸盐及复配体系降低原油界面张力的能力。证实了磺酸盐与磺酸盐复配协同作用源自亲水亲油性能的改善,亲油性磺酸盐8C18ΦS与亲水性磺酸盐C12ΦS、7C14ΦS复配,可以获得具有适中亲水亲油性能的复配体系,实现协同降低界面张力作用,通过适当的磺酸盐表面活性剂复配可使长庆油田原油与1%Na Cl水溶液的界面张力降低至超低值。     

微波-超声波协同影响菜籽蛋白糖基化改性

采用微波-超声波协同作用强化菜籽蛋白的糖基化改性,并对所得糖基化产物进行了功能性质和分子结构的对比分析。结果表明,当改性条件为微波功率500 W、超声波功率300 W、协同作用时间7 min时,菜籽蛋白的接枝度可达67.1%,显著高于湿热法和微波法制备的糖基化产物,有效提高了蛋白质糖基化反应的效率;协同作用可显著改善所得糖基化产物的溶解性、乳化活性、起泡能力、泡沫稳定性,分别提高至55.7%、13.9 m~2/g、50.0%和80.0%;糖基化产物的表面疏水性和圆二色谱结果分析表明,微波和超声波处理使得菜籽蛋白的分子展开,表面疏水性和分子柔性增加,从而促进了糖基化反应的进行,改善了蛋白质糖基化产物的功能特性。