Asphaltene Deposition During Steam-Assisted Gravity Drainage: Effect of Non-Condensable Gases

Asphaltene deposition was investigated during laboratory-scale steam-assisted gravity drainage (SAGD) experiments to probe in situ upgrading of a heavy oil. Tests were conducted with and without the addition of non-condensable gases (carbon dioxide or n-butane) to the steam. The apparatus was a three-dimensional scaled physical model packed with crushed limestone saturated with 12.4° API heavy-crude oil. Temperature, pressure, and production data, as well as the asphaltene content of the produced oil, were monitored continuously during the experiments. For small well separations, as the fraction of non-condensable gas in the steam increased, the steam condensation temperature and the steam-oil ratio decreased. As a result of lower temperature, the heavy oil was less mobile in the steam chamber relative to pure steam injection. Thus, the heating period was prolonged and the recovery, as well as the rate of oil recovery, decreased. Asphaltene content of the oil produced as a result of pure steam injection decreased initially showing deposition of asphaltene within the porous matrix of the model. As the steam injection continued, the asphaltene content of the produced oil increased but remained below the initial value. Thus, the produced oil indicated some in situ upgrading. As the carbon dioxide concentration in the steam increased, greater asphaltene deposition occurred; however, no significant change in asphaltene content was found when n-butane was added to the steam. Post-experimental analyses of the porous media for asphaltene content confirmed retention for the pure steam and steam with added CO₂ experiments. Numerical simulation of the asphaltene deposition process using a pure solid deposition model corroborated experimental findings and showed that deposition occurred mainly at the steam-chamber boundary.     

PETROLEUM POTENTIAL, THERMAL MATURITY AND THE OIL WINDOW OF OIL SHALES AND COALS IN CENOZOIC RIFT BASINS, CENTRAL AND NORTHERN THAILAND

Oil shales and coals occur in Cenozoic rift basins in central and northern Thailand. Thermally immature outcrops of these rocks may constitute analogues for source rocks which have generated oil in several of these rift basins. A total of 56 oil shale and coal samples were collected from eight different basins and analysed in detail in this study. The samples were analysed for their content of total organic carbon (TOC) and elemental composition. Source rock quality was determined by Rock‐Eval pyrolysis. Reflected light microscopy was used to analyse the organic matter (maceral) composition of the rocks, and the thermal maturity was determined by vitrinite reflectance (VR) measurements. In addition to the 56 samples, VR measurements were carried out in three wells from two oil‐producing basins and VR gradients were constructed. Rock‐Eval screening data from one of the wells is also presented. The oil shales were deposited in freshwater (to brackish) lakes with a high preservation potential (TOC contents up to 44.18 wt%). They contain abundant lamalginite and principally algal‐derived fluorescing amorphous organic matter followed by liptodetrinite and telalginite (Botryococcus‐type). Huminite may be present in subordinate amounts. The coals are completely dominated by huminite and were formed in freshwater mires. VR values from 0.38 to 0.47%R_o show that the exposed coals are thermally immature. VR values from the associated oil shales are suppressed by 0.11 to 0.28%R_o. The oil shales have H/C ratios >1.43, and Hydrogen Index (HI) values are generally >400 mg HC/g TOC and may reach 704 mg HC/ gTOC. In general, the coals have H/C ratios between about 0.80 and 0.90, and the HI values vary considerably from approximately 50 to 300 mg HC/gTOC. The HI_max of the coals, which represent the true source rock potential, range from ～160 to 310 mg HC/g TOC indicating a potential for oil/gas and oil generation. The steep VR curves from the oil‐producing basins reflect high geothermal gradients of ～62°C/km and ～92°C/km. The depth to the top oil window for the oil shales at a VR of ～0.70%R_o is determined to be between ～1100 m and 1800 m depending on the geothermal gradient. The kerogen composition of the oil shales and the high geothermal gradients result in narrow oil windows, possibly spanning only ～300 to 400 m in the warmest basins. The effective oil window of the coals is estimated to start from ～0.82 to 0.98%R_o and burial depths of ～1300 to 1400 m (～92°C/km) and ～2100 to 2300 m (～62°C/km) are necessary for efficient oil expulsion to occur.     

炼油污水处理场工艺优化和技改措施的探讨

对炼油污水处理场存在的问题进行分析，并结合炼油改扩建后的排水情况，提出了将调节罐改成“罐中罐”隔油设施，新场一级浮选改成CAF涡凹气浮设施，兼性池和活性炭塔以及新场二级浮选和后絮凝池分别改成一个处理单元的生化处理设施，增设高效流砂过滤器和消毒杀菌设施的方案，预计技改后污水处理场出水水质可全面稳定达标，并确保出水水质达污水回用条件。     

ca油田稠油油藏系统保护油气层研究

针对ca油田多层状砂泥薄互层稠油油藏的特点,开展了热采和非热采条件下储层变化特征研究、钻井和固井过程入井液的研究、采油工艺技术等系统保护油气层研究,了解各种变化的作用过程和原因,有效地预防现场施工中可能发生的储层伤害,从而达到储层保护、提高采收率的目的。     

计算机与PLC通信技术的研究

利用Mscomm控件,在Windows环境下串行通信的程序设计,完成了控制系统中下位机PLC与上位计算机之间的串行通信,着重介绍了系统的通信协议及通信程序的设计方法。     

InP/GaAs键合热应力的有限元分析

用有限元方法结合ANSYS工具,研究了InP/GaAs键合在退火后的热应力分布图像.重点计算并详细讨论了对解键合有重要作用的界面上的剥离力和剪切力.最后分析了影响热应力大小的有关因素.数值分析结果与相关文献实验结果一致.     

基于MOCVD技术的长波AlGaAs/GaAs量子阱红外焦平面探测器

采用n型掺杂背面入射AlGaAs/GaAs量子阱结构,用MOCVD外延生长和GaAs集成电路工艺,设计制作了大面积AlGaAs/GaAs QWIP单元测试器件和128×128、128×160、256×256 AlGaAs/GaAs QWIP焦平面探测器阵列。 用液氮温度下的暗电流和傅里叶红外响应光谱对单元测试器件进行了评估,针对不同材料结构,实现了9 μm和10.9 μm的截止波长; 黑体探测率最高达到2.6×109 cm·Hz1/ 2·W-1 。 将128×128 AlGaAs/GaAs QWIP阵列芯片与CMOS读出电路芯片倒装焊互连,成功演示了室温环境下目 标的红外热成像;并进一步讨论了提高QWIP组件成像质量的途径。     

一种共价键结构的高稳定性自组装光控取向膜

通过两次光照法制备了一种基于共价键结构的自组装光控取向膜。首先采用重氮树脂与聚(4-丙烯酰氧基肉桂酸(4′-磺酸钠)苯酚酯)在水溶液状态下通过静电离子沉积法制备了layer-by-layer型的自组装多层膜,制备过程的紫外-可见光谱表明薄膜为逐层、均匀沉积。第一次光照将膜层间的重氮磺酸盐离子键转化为共价键结构,然后采用线性偏振紫外光进行第二次光照,获得具有各向异性的光控取向膜。紫外-可见光谱法证实了薄膜辐照过程中的光化学反应方式。这种液晶光控取向膜可以水平均匀取向向列相液晶,而且具有良好的热稳定性,可达到150℃。     

基于实际结温分布中小电流过趋热效应的验证

对于从红外热像图得到的实际的晶体管结温分布,通过热谱分析方法获得该温度分布对应的热谱曲线,进而建立了晶体管子管并联模型,并在此基础上,经过实验和理论计算证实了pn结中小电流过趋热效应存在的真实性.当结温分布不均匀时,对于通过pn结的电流,小电流比大电流更具有趋热性.即电流越小,高温区与低温区电流密度的比值越大,电流越集中在高温区,且集中区域的面积随着电流的减小而缩小.利用这一特性可以研究器件热电不稳定性,结温分布的不均匀性及不均匀度,峰值结温的估算等,这对于半导体器件可靠性分析具有重要的意义.     

一种齐纳二极管控制式轨对轨CMOS运算放大器

采用0.6μm CMOS工艺,设计了一种齐纳二极管控制式轨对轨运算放大器.该运放采用了3.3V单电源供电,其输入共模范围和输出信号摆幅接近于地和电源电压,即所谓输入和输出电压范围轨对轨.该运放的小信号增益为82dB,单位增益带宽为12.34MHz,相位裕度为68°.由于电路简单,工作稳定,输入输出线性动态范围宽,非常适合于SOC芯片内集成.文中主要讨论该轨对轨运算放大器的原理,性能及设计方法,并进行了模拟仿真.