不同利用年限的红壤水稻土中重金属元素含量研究

本文介绍了不同利用年限的红壤水稻土中重金属元素As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Ni、Pb和Zn的含量变化,利用年限分别为3、10、15、30和80年。研究结果表明,虽然红壤水稻土中不同的重金属元素含量的变化趋势有所差异,但总体上重金属元素含量随利用年限的延长而降低,并可能达到一个相对稳定的水平;施用未经处理的城市垃圾会导致水稻土中某些重金属元素含量明显升高;研究区的水稻土已发生Cd和Cu污染。     

日本寒冷地带北海道粳稻米粒外观品质的年度及地域间差异及其发生原因（网络首发、推荐阅读）

在北海道，作为米粒外观品质的整粒、未熟粒、受害粒、着色粒和死米的各比率以及糙米白度和大米白度都是年度间差异（1999—2006年的6~8年间）比地区间差异（15个地区）大，最大值最小值的差与标准偏差之比平均为1.5~6.4倍。这是由于障碍危险期（出穗前24日之后30天时间）的平均气温和成熟气温（出穗后40天时间的日平均累计气温），其年度间差异与地域差异相比大3.0~3.7倍，而不结实比率、千粒重和糙米产量的生长特性和大米蛋白质含量（蛋白）多1.4~3.3倍的原因。在年度之间，千粒重越重，整粒比率就越高，而整粒比率越高，由于丰产导致蛋白含量就越低。另外，障碍危险期的气温越高，不结实率越低，蛋白含量越低，且成熟气温越高，糙米白度、大米白度也就越高。受害粒和着色粒比率之间存在正相关关系，两种比率在成熟气温分别达到890、850 ℃之前，成熟气温越高，比率就越低。还有，未熟粒比率在成熟气温808 ℃时最低，出现二次曲线的相关关系，特别是成熟期间40天的后半部分影响比前半部分大。日照量不足也使未熟粒多发。在地区之间，虽然与年度间相比这些关系基本上还不太明确，但是死米比率在灰色低地土比率较低而泥炭土比率较高的地区，有升高的趋势。现在，这些使米粒外观品质提高的栽培技术在逐渐被开发，并在生产者中被普及和指导。     

Estimated effect of ventilation and filtration on chronic health risks in U.S. offices,schools, and retail stores

We assessed the chronic health risks from inhalation exposure to volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and particulate matter (PM2.5) in U.S. offices, schools, grocery, and other retail stores and evaluated how chronic health risks were affected by changes in ventilation rates and air filtration efficiency. Representative concentrations of VOCs and PM2.5 were obtained from available data. Using a mass balance model, changes in exposure to VOCs and PM2.5 were predicted if ventilation rate were to increase or decrease by a factor of two, and if higher efficiency air filters were used. Indoor concentrations were compared to health guidelines to estimate percentage exceedances. The estimated chronic health risks associated with VOC and PM2.5 exposures in these buildings were low relative to the risks from exposures in homes. Chronic health risks were driven primarily by exposures to PM2.5 that were evaluated using disease incidence of mortality, chronic bronchitis, and non‐fatal stroke. The leading cancer risk factor was exposure to formaldehyde. Using disability‐adjusted life years (DALYs) to account for both cancer and non‐cancer effects, results suggest that increasing ventilation alone is ineffective at reducing chronic health burdens. Other strategies, such as pollutant source control and the use of particle filtration, should also be considered.     

杨村煤矿未来五年通风系统优化研究

杨村煤矿随着生产区域的延伸和生产布局的变化,现有的通风系统已较难满足矿井安全生产的需要。在对矿井进行通风阻力测定的基础上,对现阶段通风系统进行了研究,找出现阶段通风系统存在的问题,提出了矿井未来五年的通风系统优化改造方案,保障了杨村煤矿的安全生产。     

Do challenge, task experience or computer familiarity influence the learning of historical chronology from virtual environments in 8-9 year old children?

Studies examined the potential use of VEs in teaching historical chronology to 127 children of primary school age (8-9 years). The use of passive fly-through VEs had been found, in an earlier study, to be disadvantageous with this age group when tested for their subsequent ability to place displayed sequential events in correct chronological order. All VEs in the present studies included active challenge, previously shown to enhance learning in older participants. Primary school children in the UK (all frequent computer users) were tested using UK historical materials, but no significant effect was found between three conditions (Paper, PowerPoint and VE) with minimal pre-training. However, excellent (error free) learning occurred when children were allowed greater exploration prior to training in the VE. In Ukraine, with children having much less computer familiarity, training in a VE (depicting Ukrainian history) produced better learning compared to PowerPoint, but no better than in a Paper condition. The results confirmed the benefit of using challenge in a VE with primary age children, but only with adequate prior familiarisation with the medium. Familiarity may reduce working memory load and increase children’s spatial memory capacity for acquiring sequential temporal-spatial information from virtual displays.     

Burden of road traffic injuries: Disability-adjusted life years in relation to hospitalization and the maximum abbreviated injury scale

Background

The consequences of non-fatal road traffic injuries (RTI) are increasingly adopted by policy makers as an indicator of traffic safety. However, it is not agreed upon which level of severity should be used as cut-off point for assessing road safety performance. Internationally, within road safety, injury severity is assessed by means of the maximum abbreviated injury scale (MAIS). The choice for a severity cut-off point highly influences the measured disease burden of RTI. This paper assesses the burden of RTI in terms of disability adjusted life years (DALYs) by hospitalization status and MAIS cut-off point in the Netherlands.

Methods

Hospital discharge register (HDR) and emergency department (ED) data for RTI in the Netherlands were selected for the years 2007–2009, as well as mortality data. The incidence, years lived with disability (YLD), years of life lost (YLL) owing to premature death, and DALYs were calculated. YLD for admitted patients was subdivided by MAIS severity levels.

Results

RTI resulted in 48,500 YLD and 27,900 YLL respectively, amounting to 76,400 DALYs per year in the Netherlands. The largest proportion of DALYs is related to fatalities (37%), followed by admitted MAIS 2 injuries (25%), ED treated injuries (16%) and admitted MAIS 3+ injuries (18%). Admitted MAIS 1 injuries only account for a small fraction of DALYs (4%). In the Netherlands, the diseases burden of RTI is highest among cyclists with 39% of total DALYs. One half of all bicycle related DALYs are attributable to admitted MAIS 2+ injuries, but ED treated injuries also account for a large proportion of DALYs in this group (28%). Car occupants are responsible for 26% of all DALYs, primarily caused by fatalities (66%), followed by admitted MAIS 2+ injuries (25%). ED treated injuries only account for 5% of DALYs in this group.

Conclusions

When using admitted MAIS 3+ or admitted MAIS 2+ as severity cut-off point, 54% and 80% of all DALYs are captured respectively. Assessing the influence of different severity cut-off points by MAIS on the proportion and number of DALYs captured gives valuable information for guiding choices on the definition of serious RTI.     

The impact of the Incredible Years parent, child, and teacher training programs on children's co-occurring internalizing symptoms.

The Incredible Years (IY) Series includes separate group interventions to improve parenting interactions, teacher classroom management, and child social-emotional regulation. Although originally developed to treat early onset conduct problems, IY targets many of the proposed mechanisms and risk factors for internalizing distress in early childhood. Prior studies have demonstrated the effects of the IY parent intervention on co-occurring depressive symptoms. We attempted to extend these findings by examining the unique and combined effects of IY interventions on children's co-occurring internalizing symptoms. One-hundred and fifty-nine families with children ages 4- to 8-years-old were randomly assigned to parent training (PT); parent plus teacher training (PT + TT); child training (CT); child plus teacher training (CT + TT); parent, child, plus teacher training (PT + CT + TT); or a waiting list control group. Children who received any of the intervention components were more likely to have lower mother-rated internalizing symptoms at posttreatment compared to children in a wait-list control group. Implications for future research and for designing interventions and prevention strategies for children with internalizing symptoms are discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2011 APA, all rights reserved)     

改革开放四十年以来稀土产业政策演进历程与启示展望

本文以改革开放四十年以来颁发过的252份重要稀土产业政策文本为依据,分析稀土产业政策的政策内涵以及演进趋势。按照四十年以来国家对稀土行业管控的目的以及国内、国际的政治、经济、技术情况变化,把政策演进分为三个阶段,即鼓励出口发展阶段、限制出口发展阶段、重新放开发展阶段,分析各阶段的特点及其政治、经济、技术背景和内涵。依据政治、经济、技术、市场、资源、环境背景分析的逻辑主线,从稀土资源开发政策、资源保护性利用政策、稀土开发的环境保护政策、稀土资源国际贸易政策、稀土应用技术政策五个角度进一步解读、分析了我国稀土产业政策的内涵演进。通过建立或完善稀土相关法律法规,加强前瞻性,增强政策执行力;降低稀土资源开采的环境成本,重视资源环境保护;大力发展稀土应用技术,着力解决稀土产业的"六个不匹配"问题;积极参与全球稀土资源勘查开发,掌握全球稀土行业的话语权来助力加快建成持续健康优质高效的稀土产业体系。可以预见,为适应经济发展和市场需求,未来稀土产业政策在进一步促进高精尖武器研发、纳米材料科技发展、高储能电池技术、智能驾驶技术、海洋生物等领域将会有更多突破。     

《古建园林技术》杂志创刊五周年工作报告

工作报告总结了《古建园林技术》办刊五年来取得的成绩。创刊五年来，出版发行了20期，发表文章或专著共计277篇（约160万字）。杂志为继承和传播中华民族传统建筑及园林技术做了大量工作，在社会上产生了一定的影响和作用，同时也遇到了来自各个方面的众多困难，在此也提出几点有针对性的解决方案以供商讨。     

黄河中游1500年水旱序列的历史检验与黄河大洪水

１９８１年在黄河中游地区建立了国内等一个１５００年的历史气候长序列。此后１２年的降雨变化证明，该序列指出的水旱变化规律是符合实际的。据此结合最新研究的全球变化背景，也说明本世纪９０年代，尤其是９０年代后期，黄河中游可能是个更为湿润时期，在多种全球变化影响因素相叠架的１９９７年前后，黄河流域有发生大洪水的可能。