Modification of appetite by bread consumption: A systematic review of randomized controlled trials

The inclusion of different ingredients or the use of different baking technologies may modify the satiety response to bread, and aid in the control of food intake. The aim of this study was to perform a systematic search of randomized clinical trials on the effect of bread consumption on appetite ratings in humans. The search equation was (“Bread”[MeSH]) AND (“Satiation”[MeSH] OR “Satiety response”[MeSH]), and the filter “clinical trials.” As a result of this procedure, 37 publications were selected. The satiety response was considered as the primary outcome. The studies were classified as follows: breads differing in their flour composition, breads differing in ingredients other than flours, breads with added organic acids, or breads made using different baking technologies. In addition, we have revised the data related to the influence of bread on glycemic index, insulinemic index and postprandial gastrointestinal hormones responses. The inclusion of appropriate ingredients such as fiber, proteins, legumes, seaweeds and acids into breads and the use of specific technologies may result in the development of healthier breads that increase satiety and satiation, which may aid in the control of weight gain and benefit postprandial glycemia. However, more well-designed randomized control trials are required to reach final conclusions.     

External cues challenging the internal appetite control system—Overview and practical implications

Inadequate regulation of food intake plays an important role in the development of overweight and obesity, and is under the influence of both the internal appetite control system and external environmental cues. Especially in environments where food is overly available, external cues seem to override and/or undermine internal signals, which put severe challenges on the accurate regulation of food intake. By structuring these external cues around five different phases in the food consumption process this paper aims to provide an overview of the wide range of external cues that potentially facilitate or hamper internal signals and with that influence food intake. For each of the five phases of the food consumption process, meal initiation, meal planning, consumption phase, end of eating episode and time till next meal, the most relevant internal signals are discussed and it is explained how specific external cues exert their influence.     

No thanks, I'm good. Any more and I'll be sick: Comment on Lynch and Carroll (2001).

W. J. Lynch and M. E. Carroll's (see record 200106653-001) excellent analyses of drug intake from a regulation perspective are formalized in terms of control systems. Satiation corresponds to the set point, deviations below which are called hunger or craving, deviations above which are called surfeit. Although simple, the model provides a unifying framework for many of the phenomena Lynch and Carroll describe. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

近期国内成品油市场形势综述

当前国内油品市场在国际行情看涨的情况下,资源相应有所增加,但市场销售价格基本保持平衡。本文对国内近期成品油的市场形势、价格进行了分析,预测了其未来的走势。     

Correction to Crum et al. (2011).

Reports an error in Mind over milkshakes: Mindsets, not just nutrients, determine ghrelin response by Alia J. Crum, William R. Corbin, Kelly D. Brownell and Peter Salovey (Health Psychology, np). In the second paragraph on the first page, the Allison & Uhl 1964 citation is incorrect. The corrected sentence and full citation is provided in the erratum. All versions of this article have been corrected. (The following abstract of the original article appeared in record 2011-09907-001.) Objective: To test whether physiological satiation as measured by the gut peptide ghrelin may vary depending on the mindset in which one approaches consumption of food. Methods: On 2 separate occasions, participants (n = 46) consumed a 380-calorie milkshake under the pretense that it was either a 620-calorie “indulgent” shake or a 140-calorie “sensible” shake. Ghrelin was measured via intravenous blood samples at 3 time points: baseline (20 min), anticipatory (60 min), and postconsumption (90 min). During the first interval (between 20 and 60 min) participants were asked to view and rate the (misleading) label of the shake. During the second interval (between 60 and 90 min) participants were asked to drink and rate the milkshake. Results: The mindset of indulgence produced a dramatically steeper decline in ghrelin after consuming the shake, whereas the mindset of sensibility produced a relatively flat ghrelin response. Participants' satiety was consistent with what they believed they were consuming rather than the actual nutritional value of what they consumed. Conclusions: The effect of food consumption on ghrelin may be psychologically mediated, and mindset meaningfully affects physiological responses to food. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2011 APA, all rights reserved)     

Semantic satiation and generation: Learning? Adaptation?

This review evaluates the reliability of the phenomena of semantic satiation and the applicability of 3 interpretations. Despite some evidence to the contrary, connotative satiation has been demonstrated in many experiments which involve continuous fast repetition of a word for about 15 sec. Generation, the opposite of satiation, appears more likely to occur when the stimuli are meaningless, when different words are interspersed during repetition, when the repetition period is short, and when the rate of repetition is slow. Associative satiation and its cognitive effects were found to be repeatedly demonstrated. The inhibition interpretation was found basically adequate in this respect and compatible with the learning interpretation. A new interpretation of connotative satiation in terms of the theory of adaptation level was proposed, which could account for a variety of connotative effects including some evidence contrary to connotative satiation and for connotative satiation itself. (36 ref.) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

The present status of the Kohler-Wallach theory of satiation.

The purpose of this review is to bring together all of the research on satiation theory with particular emphasis on the apperception of the brain-damaged. Figural aftereffects are explained by the theory of satiation, however, "it does less well when it moves into the field of ambiguous and hidden figures, apparent motion, and autokinesis, and breaks down or leads to absurdities when used as a complete explanation of the perception of the brain-damaged." Several suggestions for further research using the theory of satiation are made. 106-item bibliography. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)