Preparation and the controlled release effect study of graphene oxide-modified poly(ε-caprolactone)

Functionalized graphene oxide-modified poly(ε-caprolactone) composites ((graphene oxide)GO/PCL) were successfully synthesized by Steglich esterification for drug applications of controlled release. Lomefloxacin (LMF) was selected as a model drug to investigate its controlled release properties. The controlled release effect of the LMF-contained pills of the GO/PCL and polylactic acid blend was evaluated. In contrast to the pure PCL, GO/PCL could effectively adjust the time of drug release and release the drug at a constant rate, achieving the controlled release requirements. Furthermore, different additive amounts of graphene oxide have different effects on adjusting the time of controlled release, while the best result obtained under the ratio is 4% GO/PCL as carrier of drug. Thus, high-quality drug carrier materials are obtained which are more suitable for clinical use. Exploring the optimum addition of graphene oxide is very significant for the development of GO/PCL carrier material.     

An energy-efficient two-stage hybrid flow shop scheduling problem in a glass production

Energy-efficient scheduling is highly necessary for energy-intensive industries, such as glass, mould or chemical production. Inspired by a real-world glass-ceramics production process, this paper investigates a bi-criteria energy-efficient two-stage hybrid flow shop scheduling problem, in which parallel machines with eligibility are at stage 1 and a batch machine is at stage 2. The performance measures considered are makespan and total energy consumption. Time-of-use (TOU) electricity prices and different states of machines (working, idle and turnoff) are integrated. To tackle this problem, a mixed integer programming (MIP) is formulated, based on which an augmented ε-constraint (AUGMECON) method is adopted to obtain the exact Pareto front. A problem-tailored constructive heuristic method with local search strategy, a bi-objective tabu search algorithm and a bi-objective ant colony optimisation algorithm are developed to deal with medium- and large-scale problems. Extensive computational experiments are conducted, and a real-world case is solved. The results show effectiveness of the proposed methods, in particular the bi-objective tabu search.     

Crosslinking-mediated activation of the FcεRI: Does it need antigen for success?

Mast cells (MCs), hematopoietic cells of the myeloid lineage, are well-known for their pro-inflammatory nature contributing to the development of various allergic and autoimmune diseases. One of the characteristic receptors on MCs, the high-affinity receptor for IgE (FcεRI), is activated in its IgE-bound state via binding and crosslinking by polyvalent antigen. This results in its phosphorylation by the SRC family kinase LYN, initiating differential signaling pathways, eventually triggering immunological effector functions, such as degranulation and cytokine production. Few publications have reported on FcεRI-dependent but antigen-independent MC activation by antibody-mediated crosslinking of membrane molecules (e.g., transmembrane proteins and glycosphingolipids) that are both localized in membrane rafts and in close vicinity to the FcεRI. In this Viewpoint we will briefly introduce FcεRI-mediated MC stimulation, cite examples of FcεRI-proximal molecules, the crosslinking of which can cause FcεRI-dependent MC activation, and discuss the potential of certain viruses as well as auto-antibodies to act as indirect FcεRI-crosslinking agents. In latter cases, antigen-independent FcεRI-mediated pro-inflammatory MC activation could contribute to the development of detrimental cytokine storms.     

Martensite structure in TP304H austenitic stainless steel after long-term service and aging

The microstructure change of TP304H steel after long-term service and aging at high temperatures is investigated through XRD, OM, SEM, TEM, SAED and EDS. The results indicate that after long-term service, α’-martensite and ε-martensite are found in TP304H steel. α’-martensite distributes in stripes along grain boundaries; the substructure of α’-martensite is high-density tangling dislocations. ε-martensite distributes in parallel, a little further from grain boundaries than α’-martensite; the substructure is stacking fault. After long-term high-temperature aging, α’-martensite is found in TP304H steel. With the extension of aging time, the amount of α’-martensite increases and the lath morphology becomes clearer. The increase of martensitic transformation start temperature besides grain boundaries due to the decrease of Cr content in this area is the main reason for the formation of martensites in TP304H steel after long-term service and being aged at high temperature.     

溢洪道挑流消能数值模拟计算模型的选择

采用数值模拟的研究方法,以溢洪道为研究对象,分别采用标准k-ε模型与RNG k-ε模型,对溢洪道进行二维水气两相流数值模拟,通过与物理模型试验数据相对比,探究不同计算模型对溢洪道数值模拟计算所得数据的准确性。经验证标准k-ε模型计算所得结果较为准确,且耗时较短。     

考虑电压稳定性的快速多目标无功优化方法

针对多目标无功优化方法存在寻优时间过长,优化结果针对性不强以及难以实现自动实时控制的问题,将一种基于ε-支配域的多目标进化算法应用到多目标无功优化的求解中,根据多目标模糊评价函数各目标分量的不同重要程度,构建出自适应ε-支配域,生成相应的后评价模糊控制器以实现优化结果的智能选择.在IEEE14,IEEE30和IEEE118节点系统上进行仿真试验,并与几种典型的多目标优化方法进行比较,证明了所提出的方法能使多目标无功优化的速度得到较大提高,针对系统的薄弱环节进行改进,从而更适用于电力系统自动实时控制.     

Poly(ε-caprolactone) Diols (HOPCLOH) and Their Poly(ester-urethanes) (PEUs): The Effect of Linear Aliphatic Diols [HO–(CH2)m–OH] as Initiators

α,ω-Hydroxy telechelic poly(ε-caprolactones) were prepared by ring-opening polymerization of the ε-caprolactone catalyzed by ammonium decamolybdate in the presence of different aliphatic diols [HO–(CH₂)_m–OH, where m?=?2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, and 16] as initiators to obtain a family of α,ω-hydroxy telechelic poly(ε-caprolactone) [HO–PCL–O–(CH₂)_m–O–PCL–OH, m?=?2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, and 16]. The content of the alkyl group (AG) (–(CH₂)_m–) had an important effect on the crystallinity (x_i) of α,ω-hydroxy telechelic poly(ε-caprolactone), showing a proportional relationship. In poly(ester-urethanes) derived from α,ω-hydroxy telechelic poly(ε-caprolactones) and 1,6-hexamethylene diisocyanate, the AG also showed a similar effect on the x_i and eventually on the mechanical properties, increasing the values of the modulus. Therefore, AG content was a factor to induce a plastic behavior in poly(ester-urethanes). The effect of AG on the water uptake of poly(ester-urethanes) after 1 week was negligible.     

Numerical studies on air flow around a cube

In this paper, air approach flow moving towards a cube will be studied using computational fluid dynamics (CFD). The Reynolds Averaging of Navier-Stokes (RANS) equation types of k-ε turbulence model are used. Some RANS predicted results are compared with different upstream air speeds. Flow separation at the corner above the top of the cube, level of separation and reattachment are investigated. Reference is made to the experimental data on wind tunnels reported in the literature.A method similar to ‘recirculation bubble promoter’ is used for different approach flow speed distributions. Problems encountered in numerical simulations due to the sharp corner are discussed with a view to obtaining better prediction on recirculation flow in regions above the top of the cube. Correlations between the turbulent kinetic energy above the cube and the recirculation bubble size are derived for different distributions of approach flow speed.By limiting the longitudinal velocities in the first cell adjacent to the sharp edge of the cube or rib, and making good use of the wall functions at the intersection cells of the velocity components, positions of maximum turbulent kinetic energy and the flow separation and reattachment can be predicted by a standard k-ε model. The results agree with those obtained in the experiments.     

Dispersion of gas pollutant in a fan-filter-unit (FFU) cleanroom

Numerical simulation and experimental measurement of flow and concentration fields in a working fan-filter-unit (FFU) cleanroom have been conducted in this study. The purpose of the study is to find out the unsteady concentration distribution of a leaking gas pollutant. The standard K–ε model was used for the simulation of the flow field. To obtain the gas concentration field, SF₆ gas with a certain concentration was released as a simulated leaking source from a valve manifold box (VMB) for 5 or 10 min, respectively. Three Fourier transform infrared spectrometers (FTIRs) were simultaneously used to measure the spatial and temporal distributions of SF₆ concentrations. The measured data were then compared with the numerical results and the agreement is seen to be quite good. From the numerical results, the pollutant hot spots, peak pollutant concentration at the end of leaking, and time taken for the concentration to reduce to near background level are obtained.     

无人机箱式发射助推火箭燃气流场数值模拟

对计算流体力学中的域动分层法动网格更新技术进行了阐述,并且应用该方法对无人机发射时的燃气流场进行数值模拟,得到全流场参数在三维空间上的时间分布.无人机每个时刻的运动速度事先根据推力曲线计算好,随着无人机的运动,根据相应变化的运动边界更新网格,并且计算新网格下的流场分布,相应的流场边界条件也会发生变化.通过分析计算得到的箱上各监测点的压力分布曲线,了解冲击波在箱体表面传播的过程和产生的影响,结果可以为工程应用提供有力的参考.