离子液体催化醇醛树脂的固化动力学及力学性能

为了获得醇醛树脂固化的绿色催化剂,以离子液体1-磺酸丁基-3-甲基咪唑硫酸氢盐([HSO_3-pHim]HSO_4)为醇醛树脂的催化剂,用差示扫描量热法(DSC)对固化反应动力学进行研究,并用万能试验机测试了[HSO_3-pHim]HSO_4催化醇醛树脂基PBX的力学性能。结果表明,固化反应的平均表观活化能为2.59 kJ·mol~(-1),指前因子为994.61 s~(-1),反应级数为0.93,在[HSO_3-pHim]HSO_4含量为0.9%,固化温度为30℃时,PBX的拉伸和压缩强度分别为16 MPa和41 MPa,拉伸断裂延伸率为0.81%。与硫酸二乙酯(DES)催化PBX相比,采用[HSO_3-pHim]HSO_4为催化剂能将PBX的压缩模量降低35%。     

Al2O3-弥散强化铜合金的退火行为研究

采用原位反应合成技术制备了Cu-1.12wt%Al₂O₃合金。通过力学性能测量、断口形貌观察及显微组织结构表征,系统研究了该合金的退火行为。结果表明：对冷拉拔变形量为50%的合金进行退火处理后,合金的硬度和强度均随着退火温度的提高呈缓慢下降趋势,合金韧性得到改善;合金表现为韧性断裂,且随着退火温度的升高,韧窝尺寸和深度增大,内部布满细小的纳米Al₂O₃颗粒;退火态合金位错密度低于冷拉拔态情形、中温退火（873 K）时合金组织以变形位错胞组织和位错墙为主,高温退火（1 223 K）后出现亚晶组织,偶可见亚晶合并、长大并发展成为原始再结晶核心的过程,但由于纳米Al₂O₃颗粒的钉扎位错作用和抑制再结晶效应,基体中仍未发现有明显的再结晶组织存在,合金展示出优异的抗高温软化性能。     

5,5′-(2-三氟甲基)-咪唑-4,5-二(1H-四唑)及其含能离子盐的合成与表征

以二氨基马来腈为原料,经过与三氟乙酸酐缩合、环化,与叠氮化纳再次缩合,合成得到了新型含能化合物5,5'-(2-三氟甲基)-咪唑-4,5-二(1H-四唑),收率61.3%;基于该化合物的酸性,设计合成了2种含能离子盐5,5'-(2-三氟甲基)-咪唑-4,5-二(1H-四唑)的羟胺盐和胍盐。利用红外光谱、核磁共振和元素分析对中间体及产物结构进行了表征。探讨了生成5,5'-(2-三氟甲基)-咪唑-4,5-二(1H-四唑)过程中影响四唑环化反应的关键因素,确定的最佳反应条件为:反应介质为水,n(2-三氟甲基-4,5-二氰基咪唑)∶n(Na N3)=1∶2.4,反应温度98℃,反应时间4 h。收率最高达86.3%。通过DSC-TG研究了5,5'-(2-三氟甲基)-咪唑-4,5-二(1H-四唑)的热分解性能,热分解曲线表明化合物直到223.65℃才开始分解,整个分解过程经历了两个主要的放热分解阶段和热失重阶段,最大放热峰温度为285.78℃,说明该化合物结构比较稳定。     

2,3-二羟甲基-2,3-二硝基-1,4-丁二醇四硝酸酯的合成、晶形控制及其与HTPB推进剂组份的相容性

以2-羟甲基-2-硝基-1,3-丙二醇为起始原料,通过缩酮反应、氧化偶联反应、水解反应、硝化反应四步反应合成出了2,3-二羟甲基-2,3-二硝基-1,4-丁二醇四硝酸酯(SMX),并采用红外光谱、元素分析及核磁共振谱进行了结构表征。采用Materials Studio Modeling软件中的Growth Morphology方法模拟了SMX晶体的生长形态和结晶习性,分析了重要构晶晶面的表面结构特征,研究了溶剂效应对晶体形貌的影响。采用乙酸乙酯/石油醚混合液对SMX进行重结晶实验。通过DSC法研究了SMX与端羟基聚丁二烯(HTPB)推进剂组份:HTPB、高氯酸铵(AP)、铝(Al)粉、奥克托今(HMX)、黑索今(RDX)和甲苯二异氰酸酯(TDI)的相容性。结果表明,乙酸乙酯/石油醚结晶体系可改善产品的晶体形貌,理论预测与实验结果相符。SMX与HMX、RDX、Al粉相容性较好,与AP轻微敏感,与HTPB和TDI不相容。     

1-三硝甲基-3-硝基-1,2,4-三唑的晶体结构及性能预估

为了获得1-三硝甲基-3-硝基-1,2,4-三唑(TNMNT)的晶体结构并对其性能进行预估,以3-硝基-1,2,4-三唑为原料,通过取代、硝化反应合成出了TNMNT,收率为62%,以无水乙醇为溶剂,用溶剂蒸发法培养得到纯的TNMNT单晶,并采用核磁共振谱、红外光谱与X-射线单晶衍射仪进行了结构表征。用DSC-TG法分析了热稳定性。用Gaussian 09 and EXPLO5(V6.02)程序分别计算了生成焓和爆轰参数。结果表明:TNMNT晶体属于单斜晶系,空间群P21/c,晶体参数为a=6.643(3),b=20.494(7),c=6.698(3),β=94.225(9)°,V=909.4(6)3,Z=4,Dc=1.922 g·cm~(-3),μ=0.190 mm~(-1),F(000)=528.0。5℃·min-1升温速率下,TNMNT的热分解峰温为158.3℃。它的标准生成焓为210.9 kJ·mol~(-1),爆速为9023 m·s~(-1),爆压为35.5 GPa。大量分子间和分子内氢键作用的存在使TNMNT分子稳定存在,硝仿基团的引入使TNMNT分子的能量提高。     

无人机在抢险救灾中的优化应用

针对在抢险救灾中的多无人机路径规划问题,文中采用遗传算法通过对无人机群的巡航矩阵进行编码组成染色体,设置不同个体数目和最大遗传代数优化巡航轨迹,同时采用0-1规划和非线性规划建立无人机终端流量传输矩阵,为每一个用户分配恰当的功率,使得无人机完成所有任务的时间总和最短。遗传算法分析结果:当从H 和J两处各派出3架无人机时至少需要11.37 h才能完成对7个重点区域的生命迹象搜索,此时巡航总距离为3 808 km,从H处派出3架无人机携带通信装备,并向灾区内的72个地面终端发送不同内容,至少需要25.81 h才能完成所有任务,此时巡航总距离为1 547 km。     

LiFePO4 Particles Embedded in Fast Bifunctional Conductor rGO&C@Li3V2(PO4)3 Nanosheets as Cathodes for High‐Performance Li‐Ion Hybrid Capacitors

The sluggish kinetics of Faradaic reactions in bulk electrodes is a significant obstacle to achieve high energy and power density in energy storage devices. Herein, a composite of LiFePO₄ particles trapped in fast bifunctional conductor rGO&C@Li₃V₂(PO₄)₃ nanosheets is prepared through an in situ competitive redox reaction. The composite exhibits extraordinary rate capability (71 mAh g^?1 at 15 A g^?1) and remarkable cycling stability (0.03% decay per cycle over 1000 cycles at 10 A g^?1). Improved extrinsic pseudocapacitive contribution is the origin of fast kinetics, which endows this composite with high energy and power density, since the unique 2D nanosheets and embedded ultrafine LiFePO₄ nanoparticles can shorten the ion and electron diffusion length. Even applied to Li‐ion hybrid capacitors, the obtained devices still achieve high power density of 3.36 kW kg^?1 along with high energy density up to 77.8 Wh kg^?1. Density functional theory computations also validate that the remarkable rate performance is facilitated by the desirable ionic and electronic conductivity of the composite.     

3D Porous Cu Current Collectors Derived by Hydrogen Bubble Dynamic Template for Enhanced Li Metal Anode Performance

Lithium (Li) metal is the most ideal anode material for high‐energy density batteries. However, the high activity of Li metal, the large volume change, and Li dendrite formation during cycling hinder its practical application. Herein, 3D porous Cu synthesized through a simple time‐saving hydrogen bubble dynamic template method is used as a host for the improved performance Li metal anode. Contrary to the planar Cu foil, the synthesized 3D porous structure can reduce the local current density, suppress the mossy/dendritic Li growth, and buffer the volume change in the Li metal anode. Highly stable Coulombic efficiency is achieved at different specific current densities (0.5, 1, and 2 mA cm^?2) with a capacity of 1.0 mAh cm^?2. Moreover, symmetrical Li|Li‐3D Cu cells show more stable cyclic performance with a lower overpotential even at a high current density of 3 mA cm^?2.     

Size Effects on the Mechanical Properties of Nanoporous Graphene Networks

It is essential to understand the size scaling effects on the mechanical properties of graphene networks to realize the potential mechanical applications of graphene assemblies. Here, a “highly dense‐yet‐nanoporous graphene monolith (HPGM)” is used as a model material of graphene networks to investigate the dependence of mechanical properties on the intrinsic interplanar interactions and the extrinsic specimen size effects. The interactions between graphene sheets could be enhanced by heat treatment and the plastic HPGM is transformed into a highly elastic network. A strong size effect is revealed by in situ compression of micro‐ and nanopillars inside electron microscopes. Both the modulus and strength are drastically increased as the specimen size reduces to ≈100 nm, because of the reduced weak links in a small volume. Molecular dynamics simulations reveal the deformation mechanism involving slip‐stick sliding, bending, buckling of graphene sheets, collapsing, and densification of graphene cells. In addition, a size‐dependent brittle‐to‐ductile transition of the HPGM nanopillars is discovered and understood by the competition between volumetric deformation energy and critical dilation energy.