微生物絮凝剂在废水处理中的应用

总结了传统絮凝剂在废水处理中存在的问题以及微生物絮凝剂在废水处理中的优越性,结合实例分析了微生物絮凝剂在现代废水处理中的具体应用,探讨了目前微生物絮凝剂研究的几个发展方向。     

功能微生物对炼厂剩余污泥减量化效果的研究

研究了投加酵母菌群、光合细菌群和混合菌群等多功能微生物菌群促进炼厂的剩余污泥的减量化效果。通过多次污泥减量试验,观察到在好氧消化基础上投加功能菌群能显著促进炼厂剩余污泥减量化。结果表明,与仅好氧曝气条件下相比,投加酵母菌群、光合细菌群、混合菌群的MLSS去除率明显提高了13.81%、30.58%、37.94%;投加功能菌群作用后的污泥沉降性能均优于投加前;pH值均逐渐降低。功能微生物降解效应使石油组分发生明显的变化,强化了对低中碳正构烷烃的降解程度,有利于将高碳链烃降解为低碳链烃。     

海洋潮差区混凝土表面微生物16S rDNA分子鉴定

针对目前海洋混凝土工程的腐蚀现状,进行了海洋微生物对潮差区混凝土的作用机理及完善海工混凝土的腐蚀机理探索.通过海工混凝土潮差区部位取样,对暴露于潮差区中部22 y的混凝土试样表面进行FE-SEM、EDAX分析,结果表明:潮差区混凝土表面腐蚀严重,结构疏松,表面覆盖有有机物质和微生物.并将暴露于潮差区中部22 y的混凝土试样和该取样位置挂置7 d的混凝土试样表面的微生物群落分别分离,克隆了其中30株和12株细菌的16S rDNA基因,测定其序列且进行比对,其分别属于15个和7个种属中.优势种属均为假交替单胞菌,但随着暴露时间的增加,总细菌株数和总菌属数分别增大到2.5和2.14倍,且种属的变化也很大.同时,建立了海洋混凝土工程表面细菌鉴定方法,以及分离、鉴定的菌种为后续细菌对混凝土作用的试验提供菌种.     

Aerobic biodegradation of di-n-butyl phthalate by Xiangjiang River sediment and microflora analysis

Di-n-butyl phthalate (DBP), one of phthalate acid esters (PAEs), was investigated to determine its biodegradation rate using Xiangjiang River sediment and find potential DBP degraders in the enrichment culture of the sediment. The sediment sample was incubated with an initial concentration of DBP of 100 mg/L for 5 d. The biodegradation rate of DBP was detected using HPLC and the degraded products were analyzed by GC/MS. Subsequently, the microbial diversity of the enrichment culture was analyzed by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP). The results reveal that almost 100% of DBP is degraded after merely 3 d, generating two main degraded products: mono-butyl phthalate (MBP) and 9-octadecenoic acid. After a six-month enrichment period under the pressure of DBP, the dominant family in the final enrichment culture is clustered with the Comamonas sp., the remaining are affiliated with Sphingomonas sp., Hydrogenophaga sp., Rhizobium sp., and Acidovorax sp. The results show the potential of these bacteria to be used in the bioremediation of DBP in the environment.     

Bioleaching of chalcocite by mixed microorganisms subjected to mutation

Mixed microorganisms with elevated activity of chalcocite-leaching were screened by mutation methods. The original microorganisms collected from acid mine drainage of different sites were mixed and then treated with mutagens NO₂⁻, diethyl sulfate (DES), UV and their combinations, respectively. Five groups of mixed microorganisms with much stronger ore-leaching ability were obtained by screening on the leaching media. Among them, group E of mixed microorganisms (treated with 1% DES for 60 min) with the best performance on chalcocite-leaching, increases the content of Cu²⁺ by 101.4% in 20 d of leaching compared with the control culture. In addition, group E is more tolerant to Cu²⁺ in media than the control without mutation treatment. Analysis for the diversity of microbial clones indicates that half of operational taxonomic units (OTUs) in group E are Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans. These observations suggest that group E might have potentials for industrial application. Foundation item: Project(50321402) supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China; Project(2004CB619201) supported by the Major State Basic Research and Development Program of China     

HABR反应器处理高质量浓度有机废水

目的 研究采用复合式折流板反应器(HABR)处理可生化的高质量浓度有机废水,为处理高质量浓度有机废水提供费用低、效果好的反应器.方法 对各个隔室及整个反应器的污水处理效果,反应器内的污泥特性,反应器内碱度和酸化关系进行试验.结果 HABR反应器污泥产率低,并且能形成一定量的颗粒污泥,污泥不易流失,能在HABR反应器内保持高的污泥量,HABR反应器在HRT(水力停留时间)为36 h,COD容积负荷(VLR)为10 kg/(m3·d),进水pH=7.0时,对CODcr依然有很高处理效果,其CODcr去除率稳定在95%左右.结论 带有填料的HABR反应器无论在启动过程和稳定运行阶段都表现出比ABR更好的效果,具有更高的稳定性.     

高职食品微生物课程教学改革初探

为避免成为本科课程的简单压缩,高职食品微生物课程教学应从实践教学出发,选择和编写适合的高职教育特点的教材;采用多媒体教学手段,提高学生学习兴趣;理论教学为实践教学服务,以实验模块训练操作技能;建立校企合作评价机制,将学生考取职业资格证书体现在教学计划中。     

同步产电及废水处理AFB-MFC电极研究

为了考察电极因素对微生物燃料电池产电及废水处理性能的影响,设计了一种新型厌氧流化床微生物燃料电池(AFB-MFC).研究了不同阴极电极材料,阴极与阳极面积以及阴极底边与阴极室底部距离对AFB-MFC产电及废水处理性能的影响.所有实验在阴极室曝气量为16～24 L/h、回流量为10.7 L/h、进水流量为0.6 L/h、外电阻为250 Ω以及进水COD浓度为3000.98～3789.44 mg/L下进行.结果表明,在尺寸大小均为15.0 cm×3.5cm的碳纸、铜板、铝板、镀锌铁板及铁板中,使用碳纸作阴极电极时AFB-MFC产电性能最好;阴极底边与阴极室底部的最佳距离为17.3～20.3 cm;使用面积为308.8、232.0、160.0和76.8 cm2的碳纸作阳极电极及面积为241.5、210.0、175.0和105.0 cm2碳纸作阴极时,阳极及阴极最佳面积分别为160.0和210.0 cm2.AFB-MFC系统最佳运行条件下COD的去除率维持在约80.00%.放大型AFB-MFC系统有利于今后工程实际应用.     

一株微生物采油菌的16S rDNA鉴定和绿色荧光蛋白分子标记

筛选到一株高效生产多糖的YX菌,油田先导试验证明该菌可以用于微生物调剖提高原油采收率（Microbial Enhanced Oil Recovery,MEOR）.经16SrDNA分析鉴定,YX菌属于肠内杆菌属（Enterobacter.）,为跟踪监测其动态信息,构建表达绿色荧光蛋白（green fluorescent protein,GFP）的重组质粒pET-30a（＋）-EGFP,利用CaCl2法将其转化至YX菌,利用荧光显微镜可以观察到重组YX（GFP）工程菌的绿色荧光.结果表明YX菌可以被绿色荧光蛋白基因标记,用于微生物采油研究.     

微生物对材料的腐蚀机理及控制方法

微生物是影响材料尤其是金属材料腐蚀的主要因素之一.结合国内外的文献资料,介绍了易造成材料腐蚀的微生物的种类及微生物腐蚀的作用机理,阐述了微生物对材料腐蚀的现状,并说明了微生物腐蚀的危害和控制方法.