Tensile Test Specimens with a Circumferential Precrack for Evaluation of Interfacial Toughness of Thermal-Sprayed Coatings

A new testing procedure to evaluate the interfacial toughness of thermal-sprayed coatings has been developed. The newly designed test specimen is a modification of the pin test with an artificially introduced weak interface, which is expected to open up easily under tensile loading and act as a circumferential precrack along the interface between a coating and the substrate. This configuration makes it possible to calculate the stress intensity factor K _Int at the tip of the precrack, which can be expressed as , where σ₀ is the apparent average stress, a the crack length, R the specimen radius, and F _I the geometrical correction function. Finite-element analysis was carried out to calculate the correction function F _I for various values of a/R. In the experiments, the flat surface of a pin was grit-blasted and a ring-shaped area from the periphery was covered with carbon using a pencil and set into a mating dice. SUS316L stainless steel was plasma-sprayed onto the flat surface of the pin and the dice. Then, tensile load was applied to the pin to break the weak interface containing the carbon and finally the unmodified coating-substrate interface. The load required to pull out the pin was measured for various specimen parameters such as a and R. The results indicate that the adhesion of the tested coatings can be represented by interface toughness of 1.9 ± 0.1 MPa m^1/2. As a consequence, this testing procedure can be considered as a viable method to evaluate adhesion of a thermal-sprayed coating on a substrate.     

Technical and Economical Aspects of Current Thermal Barrier Coating Systems for Gas Turbine Engines by Thermal Spray and EBPVD: A Review

The most advanced thermal barrier coating (TBC) systems for aircraft engine and power generation hot section components consist of electron beam physical vapor deposition (EBPVD) applied yttria-stabilized zirconia and platinum modified diffusion aluminide bond coating. Thermally sprayed ceramic and MCrAlY bond coatings, however, are still used extensively for combustors and power generation blades and vanes. This article highlights the key features of plasma spray and HVOF, diffusion aluminizing, and EBPVD coating processes. The coating characteristics of thermally sprayed MCrAlY bond coat as well as low density and dense vertically cracked (DVC) Zircoat TBC are described. Essential features of a typical EBPVD TBC coating system, consisting of a diffusion aluminide and a columnar TBC, are also presented. The major coating cost elements such as material, equipment and processing are explained for the different technologies, with a performance and cost comparison given for selected examples.     

Lanthanum hexaaluminate—a new material for atmospheric plasma spraying of advanced thermal barrier coatings

One of the main application fields of the thermal spraying process is thermal barrier coatings (TBCs). Today, partially stabilized zirconia (YSZ or MSZ) is mainly used as a TBC material. At temperatures above 1000 °C, zirconia layers age distinctively, including phenomena shrinkage and microcrack formation. Therefore, there is a considerable interest in TBCs for higher temperature applications. In this paper, lanthanum hexaaluminate, a newly developed TBC material with long-term stability up to 1400 °C, is presented. It ages significantly more slowly at these high temperatures than commercial zirconia-based TBCs. Its composition favors the formation of platelets, which prevent a densification of the coating by postsintering. It consists of La₂O₃, Al₂O₃, and MgO. Its crystal structure corresponds to a magnetoplumbite phase. Lanthanum hexaaluminate powders were produced using two different fabrication routes, one based on salts and the other one based on oxides. To optimize the granulate, various raw materials and additives were tested. The slurry was spray dried in a laboratory spray drier and calcined at 1650 °C. Using these two powders, coatings were produced by atmospheric plasma spraying (APS). The residual stresses of the coatings were measured by the hole drilling method, and the deposition process was optimized with respect to the residual stresses in the TBC. The coatings were extensively analyzed regarding phase composition, thermal expansion, and long-term stability, as well as microstructural properties.     

Development of refractory silicate-yttria-stabilized zirconia dual-layer thermal barrier coatings

Development of advanced thermal barrier coatings (TBCs) is the most promising approach for increasing the efficiency and performance of gas turbine engines by enhancing the temperature capability of hot section metallic components. Spallation of the yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ) top coat, induced by the oxidation of the bond coat coupled with the thermal expansion mismatch strain, is considered to be the ultimate failure mode for current state-of-the-art TBCs. Enhanced oxidation resistance of TBCs can be achieved by reducing the oxygen conductance of TBCs below that of thermally grown oxide (TGO) alumina scale. One approach is incorporating an oxygen barrier having an oxygen conductance lower than that of alumina scale. Mullite, rare earth silicates, and glass ceramics have been selected as potential candidates for the oxygen barrier. This paper presents the results of cyclic oxidation studies of oxygen barrier/YSZ dual-layer TBCs.     

Structure and mechanical properties of plasma sprayed nanostructured alumina and FeCuAl-alumina cermet coatings

Nanostructured alumina (Al₂O₃) and nanostructured cermet coatings containing alumina dispersed in a FeCu or FeCuAl matrix, were deposited by atmospheric plasma spraying (APS) from nanostructured powders. These coatings were characterized by SEM, EDAX, TEM, XRD and nanoindentation. Friction and wear behaviour were investigated by sliding and abrasion tests. TEM and XRD revealed that a nanostructuring was retained in the APS deposited coatings.The nanostructured ceramic and cermet coatings were compared in terms of coefficient of friction and wear resistance. Nanostructured cermet coatings appeared to offer a better wear resistance under sliding and abrasion tests than nanostructured Al₂O₃ coatings. The role of Fe, Cu, and Al additions to the Al₂O₃ coatings on friction and wear behaviour, was investigated.In the case of FeCu- and FeCuAl-based cermet coatings containing alumina, though the starting material consist of only two compounds, the coatings contain up to four different phases after plasma spraying. The mechanical properties of these different phases namely crack sensitivity and elasto-plastic deformation was determined by nanoindentation. The failure mechanisms were investigated and an attempt was made to establish a ‘structure-property’ relationship. It was shown that an appropriate balance between hard and soft phases results in optimum tribological properties of the nanostructured cermet coatings.     

纳米铁酸锌(ZnFe2O4)的表面改性

采用化学修饰方法,以二氧化硅为内层修饰材料,r-氨丙基三甲氧硅烷(APS)偶联剂为外层修饰材料,对磁性ZnFe2O4纳米粒子进行了双层修饰。并采用XRD、IR、Zeta电位对未包裹粒子,二氧化硅包裹的磁纳米粒子,APS和二氧化硅双层包修饰的纳米磁粒进行表征。同时也比较了三种粒子的耐酸性能。结果显示硅包裹的纳米磁粒Zeta电位明显向酸性方向移动,而双层的纳米磁粒Zeta电位向碱性方向移动。包裹的纳米磁粒在pH2.0的酸中具有很好的耐酸性能,而未处理的纳米粒子在酸溶液中发生了溶解。     

APS/HVOF热喷涂WC基金属陶瓷涂层的微观组织与性能

WC基涂层由于具有较高的硬度、优异的耐磨性、较好的抗腐蚀性,广泛应用于石油等工业中提高零件的磨损和腐蚀性能。随着现代化工业中工件服役环境日趋复杂,对制备性能优异的WC基涂层要求越来越高。在热喷涂技术中,热喷涂大气等离子热喷涂(APS) 喷涂温度范围广,可以提高至数万温度,在喷涂难容材料方面具有无与伦比的优势,而超音速火焰喷涂(HVOF)由于具有较高的焰流速度,粒子动能较高,同时由于喷涂过程中N2等冷却喷涂材料,近来在涂层制备中具有广泛的应用。本文利用APS与HVOF两种热喷涂方法在45钢表面制备WC-10Co-4Cr、WC-17Co两种涂层,对不同方式制备的涂层截面硬度、金相组织、与基体结合能力、涂层脱碳情况进行分析。结果表明：HVOF 涂层在喷涂中粒子未充分熔化,但粒子动能较高,表面相比于APS喷涂方式更加平整,与基体的结合性能好于APS制备的涂层。通过HVOF制备的两种涂层的孔隙率均低于APS制备的涂层,其中HVOF 制备的WC-17Co具有最小的孔隙率(0.65%)。此外,HVOF涂层的硬度均高于APS制备的涂层,由于具有较少的粘结相,通过HVOF制备的WC-10Co-4Cr涂层具有最高的截面硬度。相比于HVOF,APS具有较高的喷涂温度和较低的焰流速度导致涂层在喷涂过程中氧化脱碳现象较为严重,出现大量的W2C及少量的Co3W3C、Co6W6C等脆性η相。因此,HVOF更适合于喷涂WC-10Co-4Cr、WC-17Co两种涂层。     

CMOS APS用移位寄存器抗SEU加固方法

电离辐射环境中使用的CMOS 有源像素图像传感器(APS)的基于反相器的准静态移位寄存器容易发生单粒子翻转(SEU),而致使CMOS APS不能正常工作。本文对基于反相器的准静态移位寄存器中的单粒子翻转效应进行了分析,其对单粒子瞬态(SET)最敏感的节点存在于反相器的输入端,反相器的输入阈值电压和输入节点电容决定了其抗SEU的能力。提出了用施密特触发器代替反相器的加固方案,因施密特触发器的电压传输特性存在一滞回区间,所以有更高的翻转阈值,从而可获得更好的抗SEU能力。仿真结果表明,采用施密特触发器的移位寄存器结构较原电路结构的抗SEU能力提高了约10倍。     

梯度热障涂层热冲击性能研究

采用等离子喷涂的方法,分别获得了２ｍｍ ＺｒＯ２－ＮｉＣｒＡｌ和ＺｒＯ２－Ｎｉ／Ａｌ系梯度热障涂层。热冲击实验结果表明,两种涂层具有不同的失效机理。ＺｒＯ２－ＮｉＣｒＡｌ系的失效是由于基于基体氧化引起的涂层整体脱落;而ＺｒＯ２－Ｎｉ／Ａｌ系的失效是支径向裂纹扩展到Ｎｉ／Ａｌ底层氧化共同作用的结果。