豆粕混菌液体发酵制种技术试验研究

利用热带假丝酵母和枯草芽孢杆菌混菌发酵进行液体制种。结果表明:受接种量、豆粕含量和培养温度的影响,两株菌种菌数的增长速度具有相对一致的变化趋势;受培养时间的影响,热带假丝酵母菌先增后降,枯草芽孢杆菌先降后增;热带假丝酵母在pH3.5时菌数最大,枯草芽孢杆菌在pH4.5～7.5范围内适宜生长。在豆粕质量分数15%、葡萄糖质量分数1%、初始pH4.5的液体培养基上,两菌分别接种10%,在发酵温度28℃、摇床转速160r/min条件下培养5d,热带假丝酵母菌和枯草芽孢杆菌菌数达到最大,分别为752.5×106和264.2×107 cfu/ml。     

Biosynthesis and characterization of bacteria cellulose–alginate film

A novel polysaccharide membrane containing alginate in bacterial cellulose matrix was synthesized by Acetobacter xylinum under static conditions using a culture medium supplementation with sodium alginate. By increasing alginate content, the bacterial cellulose–alginate (BCA) membrane was more hydrophilic and the film structure became denser with the smaller average pore size. Scanning electron microscope images displayed the deposits of alginate gel on the surfaces of the multilayer cellulose film. The declines in the tensile strength, the Young's modulus, and the elongation at break of the BCA membrane were dependent on the degree of alginate supplement. The BCA membrane showed higher water absorption capacity. The addition of alginate slightly affected the water vapor transmission rate but remarkably decreased the oxygen transmission rate of the membrane. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010     

Wheat straw acid hydrolysate as a potential cost‐effective feedstock for production of bacterial cellulose

BACKGROUND: Bacterial cellulose (BC) is an extracellular biopolymer product of vinegar bacteria, which is widely used in many areas. However, problems of high production cost have prevented widescale extension of BC applications. In this work, BC was produced using wheat straw hydrolysates prepared by dilute acid hydrolysis instead of the usual carbon sources, with the aim of decreasing the production costs of BC. RESULTS: In order to remove microbial growth inhibitors, wheat straw hydrolysates were detoxified by treatment with various alkalis including calcium hydroxide, sodium hydroxide and ammonia, and their combination with activated charcoal or laccase. Results showed that the detoxification effect using calcium hydroxide was much better than that with the other alkalis. The BC yield using hydrolysate treated with Ca(OH)₂ and activated charcoal was at least 50% higher than that using routine carbon sources. Additionally, the ions of Ca²⁺ and Na⁺ in the hydrolysates had important and positive effects on BC production while Cl^? exhibited negative effects. CONCLUSION: Wheat straw was shown to be a suitable feedstock for BC production, and a process was established for BC production from lignocellulosic feedstocks using a detoxification treatment. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry     

优化西瓜汁培养基提高细菌纤维素产量和性能

以木醋杆菌（Acetobacter xylinum）为发酵菌种,通过Plackett-Burman试验设计进行主效应因子的筛选,对西瓜汁培养基中无水乙醇和FeSO4的添加量进行优化,以细菌纤维产量为评价指标,获得最优的培养基为酵母膏12.5 g/L,蛋白胨10.0 g/L,磷酸二氢钾6.5 g/L,硫酸镁3.1 g/L,硫酸亚铁0.2 g/L,柠檬酸0.3 g/L,用西瓜汁培养基基料配制成1 000 mL,灭菌冷却后无菌地加入无水乙醇36 mL/L。在此最优条件下,细菌纤维素产量为6.39 g/L,分别是西瓜汁培养基基料及基础培养基发酵细菌纤维素产量的6.82倍、1.33倍。优化后的西瓜汁培养基发酵产细菌纤维素,其含水率、复水率、结晶度、热稳定性较优,分别比基础培养基提高了0.59%、3.27%、5.04%和6.03%。     

Survival of planktonic and sessile Acetobacter cerevisiae

This study was designed to investigate the individual or combined effects of ethanol (4–12%), glucose (10–30%) and acetic acid (0–6%) on survival of planktonic and sessile cells of one strain belonging to the new species Acetobacter cerevisiae isolated from traditional balsamic vinegar. The results confirm that the planktonic cells’ survival was negatively affected by ethanol and by acetic acid; moreover, there was a positive correlation between survival and glucose concentration. On the contrary, biofilm formation was observed only in the absence of acetic acid, which was the most affecting variable on the natural ability of cells to attach and grow on surfaces. The obtained results supply new information about the physiology of a novel Acetobacter species and about its natural capability to develop biofilms so that improved control over balsamic vinegar fermentation could be implemented in the future.     

Candida tropicalis BPU1, a novel isolate from the rumen of the Malabari goat,is a dual producer of biosurfactant and polyhydroxybutyrate

This unique study reports a new strain (BPU1) of Candida tropicalis isolated from the rumen of the Malabari goat, showing dual production of biosurfactant and polyhydroxybutyrate. C. tropicalis strain BPU1, a facultative anaerobe, was tuned to become an aerobe in specially designed flask, the Benjamin flask. The puffy circular colonies were smooth, white‐to‐cream in colour, with pseudo‐filaments. The strain fermented glucose, sucrose, maltose and dextrose, but not lactose and cellulose. It assimilated (NH₄)₂SO₄, peptone, glycine and arginine, but not NaNO₃, as the nitrogen source. Interestingly, it utilized groundnut oil (up to 0.3%) in a specially designed basal mineral salt medium (BSM). Its capability for dual production of a biosurfactant and a polyhydroxybutyarate (PHB) was explored by various methods from the BSM–oil medium. Extracted biosurfactant from 6 day‐old culture was biochemically characterized as a complex of lipid and carbohydrate with an R_f value of 0.88 by thin layer chromatography. Its PHB production was confirmed by specific staining methods with Nile blue sulphate, Sudan black B and Sudan 3. Briefly, this first‐ever report gives ample physical evidence for the dual production of a glycolipid (biosurfactant) and PHB by C. tropicalis strain BPU1 on a specially designed medium, which would open up elaborate research on this yeast. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Comparative evaluation of bacterial cellulose (nata) as a cryoprotectant and carrier support during the freeze drying process of probiotic lactic acid bacteria

Nata or bacterial cellulose produced by Acetobacter xylinum was compared for its cryoprotective and carrier support potential for probiotic lactic acid bacteria against other established cryoprotectants like 10% skim milk, calcium alginate encapsulation or 0.85% physiological saline and distilled water. Individual lactic acid bacteria were grown in MRS broth in the presence of nata cubes or the bacterial suspension mixed with either powdered bacterial cellulose (PBC), 10% skim milk, saline or distilled water and freeze dried. These freeze dried cells were stored at temperatures of either 30 °C or 4 °C and periodically checked for viability. The freeze dried cells on carrier supports were directly used to prepare fermented milks to establish the activity of these cultures. Scanning electron microscopy was employed to visualize the support matrix with the attached lactic acid bacteria. The freeze drying process resulted in a 3.0 log cycle reduction in the colony forming units as compared to the original cell suspension in the case of all the lactic acid bacteria. The growth of lactic acid bacteria in the presence of bacterial cellulose (nata) offers a convenient and easy method to preserve bacteria for short durations and use it as a support to carry out other fermentation processes.     

Xylitol production by Candida tropicalis from corn cob hemicellulose hydrolysate in a two‐stage fed‐batch fermentation process

BACKGROUND: Xylitol, a sugar alcohol widely used in food and pharmaceutical industries, can be produced through biological reduction of xylose present in hemicellulose hydrolysates by Candida tropicalis. However, the aeration rate and by‐products originating from hemicellulose hydrolysis strongly inhibit the production of xylitol in a fermentation process. A two‐stage fed‐batch fermentation system was developed to reduce these inhibitory effects and to improve xylitol production from corn cob hemicellulose hydrolysates by C. tropicalis. RESULTS: Results of batch fermentations indicated that high xylitol production could be obtained from C. tropicalis at an initial xylose concentration of 80 g L^?1 in corn cob hydrolysate medium at an aeration rate of 0.4 vvm at the micro‐aeration stage. In the two‐stage fed‐batch fermentation process, 96.5 g L^?1 xylitol was obtained after 120 h, giving a yield of 0.83 g g^?1 and a productivity of 1.01 g L^?1 h^?1, which were 12.16% and 65.57% higher than those in a batch fermentation. CONCLUSION: High xylitol production can be achieved in a two‐stage fed‐batch fermentation process, in which the negative effects of aeration rate and inhibitory compounds on xylitol formation can be considerably reduced. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry     

Bacterial Bioconversion of Primary Aliphatic and Aromatic Alcohols into Acids: Effects of Molecular Structure and Physico-chemical Conditions

The biotransformation of four alcohol substrates (butanol, 2-methylbutanol, 3-methylbutanol and 2-phenylethanol) into their acids was studied using a strain of Acetobacter aceti. Bioconversion yields depended on the molecular structure of the alcohol. Biotransformation of high concentrations of alcohols was possible until the precursor reached an inhibiting concentration (3·8 g dm⁻³ for butanol and 3-methylbutanol, 4·2 g dm⁻³ for 2-methylbutanol). In contrast, biotransformation of 2-phenylethanol decreased when alcohol concentration was higher than 0·3 g dm⁻³. Dissolved oxygen concentrations and pH conditions of the medium were important factors in improving bioconversion. Transformation of 2-methylbutanol into the corresponding acid was increased when dissolved oxygen partial pressure increased from 60 to 80% and regulation at pH 6 allowed an increase in the production of butyric acid from butanol. © 1997 SCI.