Quantification of free and esterified steryl glucosides in vegetable oils and biodiesel

Steryl glucosides (SG) are minor components that dramatically modify the low temperature performance of fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) used as biodiesel. SG are naturally present in vegetable oils but they may also be the result of the transesterification of esterified steryl glucosides (ESG). These are present in vegetable oils at a level of a few hundred milligrams per kilogram, depending on the nature of the feedstock. We developed an analytical method to quantify SG and ESG in vegetable oils and in FAME. The purification of SG and ESG was performed by liquid chromatography on silica gel, and the analysis of the trimethylsilyl derivatives was achieved by gas chromatography and flame ionization detection. The filterability of biodiesel is affected when the SG content is higher than 20 mg/kg. Therefore, the sensitivity of this new method is adapted for this purpose since the quantification limit is 10 mg/kg of SG and ESG. The recoveries are acceptable, between 75% and 90% depending on the species and content, and the reproducibility relative standard deviation, evaluated at 10%, is comparable to other studies.     

Profiling and quantifying quercetin glucosides in onion (Allium cepa L.) varieties using capillary zone electrophoresis and high performance liquid chromatography

There is increasing evidence that flavonols demonstrate beneficial properties for human health. Quercetin is the major flavonol present in onion (Allium cepa cv) and is present predominantly as quercetin 3,4′-diglucoside and quercetin 4′-monoglucoside. These compounds are known to be potent free radical scavengers and antioxidants, and are considered to be protective against cardiovascular disease. Analysis for the presence of these compounds has therefore become more important. Robust capillary zone electrophoresis and high performance liquid chromatography procedures were developed for profiling and quantifying the levels of quercetin 3,4′-diglucoside and quercetin 4′-monoglucoside in 70% methanol/water extracts of six different onion varieties available in Victoria, Australia. Quercetin 3,4′-diglucoside, which is not commercially available as a reference standard, was isolated from freeze-dried onion powder by preparative high performance liquid chromatography and used to quantify the levels in the onion extracts. Significant differences in the levels and ratios of the two compounds were seen between red, brown and white onion varieties (e.g. ‘Redwing’; quercetin 3,4′-diglucoside 191 mg/100 g DW, quercetin 4′-monoglucoside 85 mg/100 g DW; ‘Cream Gold’, quercetin 3,4′-diglucoside 153 mg/100 g DW, quercetin 4′-monoglucoside 58 mg/100 g DW, ‘Spanish white’; quercetin 3,4′-diglucoside <1 mg/100 g DW, quercetin 4′-monoglucoside <1 mg/100 g DW).     

Safety assessment and single-dose toxicokinetics of the flavouring agent myricitrin in Sprague–Dawley rats

Myricitrin, a flavonol rhamnoside of myricetin extracted from the Chinese bayberry (Myrica rubra Siebold) plant, has been used in Japan since 1992 as a flavour modifier in snack foods, dairy products, and beverages. It is affirmed as generally recognised as safe (GRAS) by the US Flavour and Extract Manufacturer Association (FEMA) and is considered safe by the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA) at current estimated dietary exposures. In anticipation of expanded marketing, 97% pure myricitrin was fed to male and female Sprague–Dawley rats at dietary concentrations of 0.5%, 1.5% and 5.0% in a 90-day toxicity study. There was increased food consumption and decreased body weight gain in males exposed to 5% myricitrin. Blood values were within laboratory reference ranges except for mean increases in basophils in low- and high-dose males and serum phosphorus in high-dose males. In the absence of abnormal clinical or histopathological changes, these changes are not considered adverse. Based on the 90-day rat toxicity study, the no observed adverse effect level (NOAEL) is 2926 mg kg^–1 day^–1 in males and 3197 mg kg^–1 day^–1 in females. Gavage administration of myricitrin resulted in blood levels of myricitrin within 1 h after single oral doses of 250, 500 or 1000 mg kg^–1 body weight, indicating direct absorption of the glycosylated form of this flavonoid. Blood levels of myricetin, a metabolite of myricitrin, were not present in rats dosed orally with 1.6 mg kg^–1 myricetin, but were present only at 12 or 24 h in one of five, in three of five, and in four of five rats dosed with 250, 500 and 1000 mg myricitrin kg^–1 body weight, respectively, possibly a result of hepatic conversion of myricitrin to myricetin and enterohepatic recirculation of the resulting myricetin. The current studies further support prior safety assessments of myricitrin as a food flavouring.     

银杏细胞的悬浮培养研究

研究了银杏在SH、MS、B5、N6等培养基中的愈伤组织诱导培养，考察了在MS培养基中悬浮培养下溶解氧含量、激素浓度等对银杏黄酮苷生产的影响．结果表明：银杏在SH、MS、B5、N6等4种培养基中均可以诱导出愈伤组织，其中N6、MS培养基中诱导率最高，愈伤组织生长最好．悬浮培养结果表明，溶解氧、激素浓度对黄酮苷影响最大．     

白藜芦醇葡萄糖苷的生物合成

为研究淀粉蔗糖酶催化白藜芦醇的性质,从中度嗜热菌Deinococcus geothermalis克隆淀粉蔗糖酶基因dgas并在大肠杆菌中诱导表达,纯化淀粉蔗糖酶DGAS。经SDS-PAGE检测DGAS的分子量为73.0 kDa。以蔗糖为葡萄糖基供体,白藜芦醇为受体,DGAS催化合成2个白藜芦醇葡萄糖苷。大规模培养表达制备淀粉蔗糖酶DGAS,催化白藜芦醇进行糖基化反应,经柱层析分离纯化得到2个化合物1和2。经NMR波谱解析化合物1和2分别鉴定为白藜芦醇-4’-O-α-D-吡喃葡萄糖苷和白藜芦醇-4’-O-α-D-吡喃葡萄糖基-(1→4)-O-α-D-吡喃葡萄糖苷。在室温条件下,白藜芦醇-4’-O-α-D-吡喃葡萄糖苷在水中溶解度为2.26 mg/mL。     

植物黄酮醇生物合成关键基因研究进展

黄酮醇作为一类重要的类黄酮化合物,是广泛存在于植物体内与植物的营养及外观品质密切相关的一类重要的次生代谢产物。黄酮醇生物合成关键基因的表达模式及表达量是决定黄酮醇生物合成进程及含量的重要因素,因此了解植物黄酮醇类化合物生物合成关键基因的研究进展对于植物黄酮醇类化合物生物合成的有效调控具有重要意义。本文综述了植物黄酮醇生物合成途径上关键基因(PAL,C4H,4CL,CHS,FLS)的克隆、分布、特性及其对外源环境条件应答的最新研究进展,以期为植物黄酮醇的生物合成后续研究提供参考依据。     

荷叶提取物的分离和纯化

用三种方法对荷叶提取物进行分离纯化,结合薄层层析(TLC)和颜色反应,对各分离组分跟随鉴定。结果表明:高速逆流色谱(HSCCC)分离效果最好,Sephadex LH-20柱层析分离效果次之,硅胶柱层析分离效果最差;荷叶提取物经高速逆流色谱分离纯化,可以得到两种黄酮醇类单体。     

3种芍药属植物种子不同部位成分分析

目的：分析3 种芍药属植物种子不同部位化学成分,探索3 种芍药属植物种子开发及综合利用前景。方法：采用高效液相色谱、气相色谱-质谱联用及其他多种测试手段测定3 种芍药属植物种子的千粒质量、籽壳和籽仁含量、籽粕含量、籽油含量及组成、籽壳及籽饼粕中主要化学组成及含量。结果：凤丹籽、紫斑籽和芍药籽3 种芍药属植物种子千粒质量分别为280.16、263.64 g和187.68 g;3 种芍药属植物种子籽壳含量占种子质量31%以上,籽饼粕含量占种子质量37%以上;饼粕中均含有大量的蛋白质和单萜苷类化合物,籽壳中均含有较多的纤维素、半纤维素和木质素以及低聚茋类化合物。结论：芍药籽油组成和主要不饱和脂肪酸含量与牡丹籽油非常近似,可开发为高级食用油;3 种芍药属植物种子籽壳和籽饼粕中均含有多种活性成分,具有重要的研究开发价值;油用牡丹籽饼粕和籽壳开发利用对于油用牡丹产业的健康发展具有重要作用。     

Flavonol content in the water extract of the mulberry (Morus alba L.) leaf and their antioxidant capacities

Abstract: The biological activities of the mulberry (Morus alba L.) leaf have been attributed to its flavonoid content. The water extract of the mulberry leaf (WEML) was prepared by autoclaving at 121 °C for 15 min, and the flavonol content of the WEML was determined by HPLC The WEML contained 4 flavonols in the following order: quercetin‐3‐β‐D‐glucose (QT‐G) > quercetin‐3‐O‐glucose‐6″‐acetate (QT‐GA) > rutin (RT) > quercetin (QT). In the oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) assay, QT had the highest peroxyl radical‐scavenging capacity and a similar hydroxyl radical‐scavenging capacity as its glycosides (QT‐G, QT‐GA, and RT). QT exhibited a stronger cellular antioxidant capacity (CAC) against 2,2′‐Azobis(2‐amidinopropane) dihydrochloride (AAPH)‐ and Cu²⁺‐induced oxidative stress in HepG2 cells compared to its glycosides, indicating that the intracellular antioxidant capacity of QT and its glycosides may depend upon both the permeability across the cell membrane and the peroxyl or hydroxyl radical‐scavenging capacity. Practical Application: The information presented might be used for developing mulberry leaf‐based functional foods.     

白芍总苷提取和纯化工艺的研究

采用L9（34）的正交试验设计,采用水浸提,以加水量、提取时间、提取次数,作为主要考虑因素,确定了白芍总苷的最佳提取工艺为:加入12倍量的水煎煮三次,每次3h。其中提取次数是主要影响因素。在此基础上,采用D101大孔吸附树脂分离纯化,最终白芍中芍药苷转移率可达80．5%。