农作物覆盖地表微波遥感模型研究进展

农作物是人类主要的粮食来源,微波遥感技术已被广泛应用于作物长势监测和作物生物量、含水量反演等研究领域,特别是微波遥感模型的发展更是提高了农田参数反演的精度。综述了农作物微波散射和辐射经验、半经验和理论模型的研究进展,对各模型的适用范围及优缺点进行了介绍,最后对农田微波遥感模型未来发展的难度和重点提出了一些见解。
     

Good or bad bioethanol from a greenhouse gas perspective – What determines this?

The purpose of this study is to describe how the greenhouse gas (GHG) benefits of ethanol from agricultural crops depend on local conditions and calculation methods. The focus is mainly on the fuels used in the ethanol process and biogenic GHG from the soils cultivated. To ensure that “good” ethanol is produced, with reference to GHG benefits, the following demands must be met: (i) ethanol plants should use biomass and not fossil fuels, (ii) cultivation of annual feedstock crops should be avoided on land rich in carbon (above and below ground), such as peat soils used as permanent grassland, etc., (iii) by-products should be utilised efficiently in order to maximise their energy and GHG benefits and (iv) nitrous oxide emissions should be kept to a minimum by means of efficient fertilisation strategies, and the commercial nitrogen fertiliser utilised should be produced in plants which have nitrous oxide gas cleaning. Several of the current ethanol production systems worldwide fullfill the majority of these demands, whereas some production systems do not. Thus, the findings in this paper helps identifying current “good” systems, how today’s “fairly good” systems could be improved, and which inherent “bad” systems that we should avoid.     

Energy use in the rural areas of India: setting up a rural energy data base

Aggregating and forecasting demand are crucial parts of energy planning. While a large number of energy consumption surveys have been conducted in the past in the rural energy sector of India, the lack of sufficient data and its compilation, coupled with doubt about the quality of data, has made the task extremely difficult. This paper summarizes our recent effort to compile, computerize and analyze data from 638 village energy consumption surveys covering over 39,000 households, carried out by different organisations between 1985 and 1989. The details of the level of information provided in the survey reports, area of survey, land use pattern, asset ownership, etc., of the collated studies are presented. Results based on the analysis of the energy consumption data compiled are then discussed. The national average for rural domestic thermal energy consumption (excluding water and space heating) estimated through this work (629 kcal or 2.63 MJ per capita daily) is much similar to the rural domestic thermal energy requirement assumed in most energy planning exercises in India in the past. The useful thermal energy consumption varies from 325 to 1065 kcal/cap/d (1.36-4.46 MJ/cap/d) in the East Coast Plain and Hills and the Eastern Himalayan Regions, respectively. Reconfirming the predominance of firewood, the data reveals that the contribution of firewood to the domestic thermal energy consumption has remained at about 58% over the last three decades; dungcake and agricultural residues contribute almost equally in the remaining share. At the national level, our estimates indicate that at least 180 million tonnes of firewood, 40 million tonnes of dungcakes and 30 million tonnes of agricultural residues were consumed in the rural sector for meeting the domestic thermal energy requirement in 1991. The paper also compares the estimates with those based on other surveys in India.     

Palm kernel shell as fuel for burning bricks

The use of an agricultural waste product, palm kernel shell, as a fuel for firing bricks is explored as a means of reducing environmental degradation and depletion of scarce firewood in Ghana. A simple but efficient methodology of clamp firing bricks using the new fuel is developed and tested. The resulting bricks are analysed for physical properties and suitability for construction use. The viability of palm kernel shell as a fuel for small-scale brick industries is considered. On etudie actuellement au Ghana les possibilites d'utilisation d'un dechet agricole, en l'occurrence, les coquilles de noix de palme, comme combustible dans les briqueteries; une telle solution permettrait de reduire la degradation de l'environnement et de diminuer l'appauvrissement des maigres reserves en bois de chauffage du pays. A cet effet, on met au point une methodologie simple mais efficace de cuisson des briques en brulant des dechets de coquilles de noix de palme. On analyse les proprietes physiques de ces briques et on verifie qu'elles conviennent a la construction. On etudie la viabilite de la coquille de noix de palme pour l'alimentation en combustible des petites briqueteries.     

基于改进蚁群算法的农用喷药机器人路径规划

研究农用喷药机器人路径规划问题,提出一种基于改进蚁群算法的路径寻优方法。首先,获取实际工作环境信息,抽象化处理工作环境,采用栅格法建立喷药机器人工作环境模型;其次,为使算法搜索更具目的性,引入目标点诱导机制,设计新的距离启发函数,并在此基础上对状态转移概率进行改进;为避免算法搜索出现停滞和提高路径搜索效率,通过引入信息素阈值限定、信息素局部和全局更新相结合的策略对信息素更新方式进行优化;最后,通过仿真实验测试两种算法解决喷药机器人路径规划问题的实际效果。结果表明:两种算法均能有效解决喷药机器人路径规划问题,且相比传统蚁群算法,改进蚁群算法不仅可以有效改善自身收敛性能,而且可以增强自身全局寻优能力。     

基于扩展H∞滤波农业机器人滑移运动模型估计

针对履带式农业自动化机器人侧滑运动控制问题,提出了一种基于扩展H_∞滤波的滑移运动模型估计方法。首先,给出了机器人侧滑转向的速度瞬心(ICRs)运动模型,并针对不同的运行路况进行双模态并行估计实现。接着,针对不同路况进行了实现分析。固定路况下,采用扩展H_∞滤波(EHF)在线实时估计ICRs参数值;时变路况下,首先采用k均值聚类对运行路况进行类别划分,然后针对划分的类型进行EHF估计。仿真和实验结果表明,该估计方法在固定路况和时变路况下均能快速估计侧滑机器人的运动学模型,保持了较高的拟合精度。     

台湾农地释出政策对国土资源合理开发利用的启示

本文回顾了1993年以来的台湾农地释出政策演进历史,分别从探索中的释出阶段、转型期的理性释出阶段和新"国土"功能分区下的农地释出阶段对这一过程进行解读;揭示了台湾农地释出政策经历了从工商业用地需求导向到注重农用地整体统筹规划利用,从关注台湾本土发展转型到因应国际形势变化的发展历程;进而讨论了对大陆建设用地合理扩张和耕地保护的启示。     

Predicting the vulnerability of reservoirs to poor water quality and cyanobacterial blooms

Cyanobacterial blooms in drinking water reservoirs present a major ecosystem functioning and human health issue. The ability to predict reservoir vulnerability to these blooms would provide information critical for decision making, hazard prevention and management. We developed a new, comparative index of vulnerability based on simple measures of reservoir and catchment characteristics, rather than water quality data, which were instead used to test the index’s effectiveness. Testing was based on water quality data collected over a number of seasons and years from 15 drinking water reservoirs in subtropical, southeast Queensland. The index correlated significantly and strongly with algal cell densities, including potentially toxic cyanobacteria, as well as with the proportions of cyanobacteria in summer months. The index also performed better than each of the measures of reservoir and catchment characteristics alone, and as such, was able to encapsulate the physical characteristics of subtropical reservoirs, and their catchments, into an effective indicator of the vulnerability to summer blooms. This was further demonstrated by calculating the index for a new reservoir to be built within the study region. Under planned dimensions and land use, a comparatively high level of vulnerability was reached within a few years. However, the index score and the number of years taken to reach a similar level of vulnerability could be reduced simply by decreasing the percentage of grazing land cover via revegetation within the catchment. With climate change, continued river impoundment and the growing demand for potable water, our index has potential decision making benefits when planning future reservoirs to reduce their vulnerability to cyanobacterial blooms.     

Glyphosate transport through weathered granite soils under irrigated and non-irrigated conditions — Barcelona, Spain

The transport of Glyphosate ([N-phosphonomethyl] glycine), AMPA (aminomethylphosphonic acid, CH₆NO₃P), and Bromide (Br⁻) has been studied, in the Mediterranean Maresme area of Spain, north of Barcelona, where groundwater is located at a depth of 5.5 m. The unsaturated zone of weathered — granite soils was characterized in adjacent irrigated and non-irrigated experimental plots where 11 and 10 boreholes were drilled, respectively. At the non irrigated plot, the first half of the period was affected by a persistent and intense rainfall. After 69 days of application residues of Glyphosate up to 73.6 μgg^− 1 were detected till a depth of 0.5 m under irrigated conditions, AMPA, analyzed only in the irrigated plot was detected till a depth of 0.5 m. According to the retardation coefficient of Glyphosate as compared to that of Br⁻ for the topsoil and subsoil (80 and 83, respectively) and the maximum observed migration depth of Br⁻ (2.9 m) Glyphosate and AMPA should have been detected till a depth of 0.05 m only. Such migration could be related to the low content of organic matter and clays in the soils; recharge generated by irrigation and heavy rain, and possible preferential solute transport and/or colloidal mediated transport.     

Five year water and nitrogen balance for a constructed surface flow wetland treating agricultural drainage waters

The performance of a constructed surface flow wetland in reducing diffuse N pollution coming from croplands is being investigated in an ongoing experiment, begun in 1998 in NE Italy. The 0.32 ha wetland is vegetated with Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin. and Typha latifolia (L.). It receives drainage water from 6 ha of land managed for an experiment on drainage systems, where maize, sugarbeet, winter wheat and soybean are cultivated. During the period 1998-2002, the wetland received from 4698 to 8412 mm of water per year (on average, about 9 times the environmental rainfall); its water regimen was discontinuous and flooding occurred on a variable number of days per year (from 13 to 126). Nitric nitrogen was the most important form of element load. Its concentration in the inflow water over time was rather discontinuous, with median values ranging from 0.2 (in 2001) to 4.5 (in 2000) mg L(-1). Inflow nitric N concentrations were occasionally in the 5-15 mg L(-1) range. Concentrations reduced passing through the wetland, with a more evident effect in the last year. Over 5 years, the wetland received slightly more than 2000 kg ha(-1) of nitrogen, 87% in nitric form mostly from farmland drainage. The remaining 13% of N was applied as organic slurry directly onto the wetland, with 5 distributions during 1998 to assess wetland performance in treating occasional organic loads. Field drainage loads had a discontinuous time pattern and occurred mostly during autumn-winter, with the exception of the 2001-2002 season which was a very dry. The wetland discharged 206 kg ha(-1) of N, over the 5-year period, with an apparent removal efficiency of about 90%. The disappearance was mostly due to plant uptake (1110 kg ha(-1)) and soil accumulation (570 kg ha(-1)), with the contribution of denitrification being estimated at around 7%.