基于主成分分析微波提取圆头蒿多糖工艺中单糖组分变化

为探索微波提取是否影响产物的结构特性,本研究采用主成分分析(Principal component analysis,PCA)研究方法,从统计学的角度对不同微波提取条件下得到的圆头蒿多糖(Artemisia sphaerocephala polysaccharide,ASP)进行了单糖组成分析。ASP由L-阿拉伯糖、D-木糖、D-来苏糖、D-甘露糖、D-葡萄糖、D-半乳糖六种单糖组成(摩尔比为1:4.98:1.69:27.86:3.76:13.92),其中甘露糖和半乳糖为主要单糖组成成分。分析结果表明,微波辅助提取过程中工艺条件的改变明显影响ASP单糖组分含量的变化,其中微波提取时间对ASP主要单糖组分含量的影响最为显著,最适微波辅助提取工艺条件为辐照时间30~60 min、功率400~600 W、提取温度50~70 ℃。本研究为微波提取在生物质资源利用过程中提供了数据支撑和依据。     

结冷胶-沙蒿胶-蓝莓花青素可食性膜的制备及其性能分析

利用蓝莓花青素对pH值的指示作用制备智能包装膜,以期解决食品保鲜过程中新鲜度的检测难题。以结冷胶、沙蒿胶和蓝莓花青素为主要原料,采用流延法制备智能指示膜,研究膜的色差、机械性能、水溶性、水蒸气透过率以及微观结构等分析其性能。结果表明,红外扫描和电镜分析表明沙蒿胶与结冷胶及蓝莓花青素之间具有良好的相容性;沙蒿胶能够提高结冷胶/沙蒿胶-蓝莓花青素膜的厚度、膜的断裂延伸率、水蒸气透过率,降低膜的抗拉伸强度和水溶性;结冷胶/沙蒿胶复配比8∶2(质量比)时,花青素膜的断裂延伸率最大为47.36%,水蒸气透过率为7.643×10^-6 g·m/(d·Pa·m²),抗拉强度22.08 MPa,复配比4∶6(质量比)的膜厚度达到0.079 mm;复合膜对pH值的指示作用显著,可作为pH指示膜。本研究为新型食品保鲜智能指示膜的应用提供理论基础。     

竹叶、六月霜提取物抑菌作用比较研究

研究测定了淡竹竹叶、六月霜提取液对细菌的抑制作用,并对两者的抑菌效果进行了比较,结果表明不同提取液有不同程度的抑制作用,比较而言,竹叶的总体抑菌能力强于六月霜.     

六月霜提取物清除和OH·自由基的体外实验研究

用氮蓝四唑（NBT）光还原法,对六月霜中提取物清除超氧离子自由基O-·2的效果进行了测定。结果显示,六月霜提取物对超氧离子自由基有较强的清除效果,清除效果与提取物中黄酮浓度有关,当黄酮浓度达到一定值时,对O-·2的清除效果可高达88．41％。提取物与抗坏血酸（VC）进行了对照实验,结果显示其对O-·2的清除能力比VC高。六月霜提取物在VC－CU2 －H2O2体系中,对OH·自由基的清除效果的研究显示,最高清除率为84．02％。     

超声雾化植物组织培养反应器的特性及应用

研究了超声雾化植物组织培养反应器中营养液在超声雾化过程中的理化因素变化和不同雾化反应器中营养雾的流动特性．结果表明,超声雾化过程中,营养雾和培养液的营养成份、电导率及ｐＨ相同,营养雾的温度随着雾化时间延长逐步上升,雾化反应器的结构及操作方式对雾化效果有明显的影响．在此基础上成功地利用内环流超声雾化反应器进行了青蒿毛状根和不定芽的培养．     

Dried leaves from rocky mountain plants decrease infestation by stored-product beetles

Leaves of two highly aromatic plants,Artemisia tridentata (Nutt.) andMonarda fistulosa L., prepared according to a patented process, inhibited oviposition by the Mexican bean weevil,Zabrotes subfasciatus (Boheman), in beans at concentrations less than 1% w/w. Both plant species were less effective against the rice weevil,Sitophilus oryzae L., in wheat, with onlyM. fistulosa exhibiting any concentration-dependent activity. The maximal control achieved against this species was less than 50% at 3% w/w. Two less aromatic plant species,Balsamorhiza sagittata (Pursh.) Nutt. andGeranium viscosissimum Fisch. and Mey., caused only low levels of inhibition against both insect species. Volatiles probably caused the response toA. tridentata andM. fistulosa, while the asymptotic concentration dependence for the less volatile plant material was likely caused by behavioral factors related to the physical presence of foreign particulate matter in the foodstuff. Chemical analysis indicated that most of the volatile components from the dried leaf material from all species were terpenoids, with camphor (9.7 mg/g) and 1,8-cineole (4.0 mg/g) being most abundant inA. tridentata and carvacrol (26.3 mg/g) being most abundant inM. fistulosa.Portions of this research were conducted by the U.S. Department of Agriculture. All programs and services of the U.S. Department of Agriculture are offered on a nondiscriminatory basis without regard to race, color, national origin, religion, sex, age, marital status, or handicap. This article reports the results of research only. Mention of a proprietary product does not constitute an endorsement or a recommendation for its use by USDA.     

Seed weight variation of Wyoming sagebrush in northern Nevada.

Seed size is a crucial plant trait that may potentially affect not only immediate seedling success but also the subsequent generation. We examined variation in seed weight of Wyoming sagebrush (Artemisia tridentata ssp. wyomingensis Beetle and Young), an excellent candidate species for rangeland restoration. The working hypothesis was that a major fraction of spatial and temporal variability in seed size (weight) of Wyoming sagebrush could be explained by variations in mean monthly temperatures and precipitation. Seed collection was conducted at Battle Mountain and Eden Valley sites in northern Nevada, USA, during November of 2002 and 2003. Frequency distributions of seed weight varied from leptokurtic to platykurtic, and from symmetry to skewness to the right for both sites and years. Mean seed weight varied by a factor of 1.4 between locations and years. Mean seed weight was greater (P < 0.05) in 2003 than in 2002 at both sites. This can partially be attributed to 55% greater precipitation in 2003 than 2002, since mean monthly temperatures were similar (P > 0.05) in all study situations. Simple linear regression showed that monthly precipitation (March to November) explained 85% of the total variation in mean seed weight (P = 0.079). Since the relationship between mean monthly temperature (June-November) and mean seed weight was not significant (r2 = 0.00, P = 0.431), this emphasizes the importance of precipitation as an important determinant of mean seed weight. Our results suggest that the precipitation regime to which the mother plant is exposed can have a significant effect on sizes of seeds produced. Hence, seasonal changes in water availability would tend to alter size distributions of produced offspring.     

野生藜蒿叶中黄酮类化合物的提取工艺

用响应面分析法优化超声辅助提取野生藜蒿叶中黄酮类化合物的工艺。在单因素基础上,选取液固比、乙醇体积分数、超声时间和提取温度4个主要因素,以黄酮类化合物得率为响应值,用响应面分析法优化黄酮类化合物的超声辅助提取工艺。实验结果表明：鄱阳湖野生藜蒿叶中黄酮类化合物的最佳提取工艺参数为液固比45：1、乙醇体积分数71．2％、超声时间39．5min、提取温度72℃、提取2次,在此条件下黄酮得率为3．623％。     

Methyl jasmonate as an allelopathic agent: sagebrush inhibits germination of a neighboring tobacco,Nicotiana attenuata

Artemisia tridentata ssp. tridentata is the dominant and defining shrub in the Great Basin Desert, with well-documented allelopathic tendencies that have generally been ascribed to its most abundantly released secondary metabolites. However, as a minor component, sagebrush releases a highly biologically active substance, methyl jasmonate (MeJA), which is known to function as both a germination inhibitor and promoter in laboratory studies. Nicotiana attenuata is a tobacco species native to the Great Basin Desert and grows in newly burned juniper–sagebrush habitats for 2–3 yr following a fire. With a combination of field and laboratory studies, we examined the role of MeJA release from sagebrush by both air and water transport in inhibiting N. attenuata seed germination. We demonstrated that sagebrush interacts allelopathically with the seed bank of N. attenuata through its release of MeJA. In the field, seeds buried 0–40 cm from sagebrush plants for 4 months in net bags had significantly reduced germination compared to seeds buried similarly but protected in plastic bags. Moreover, germination on soils collected from underneath sagebrush plants was reduced by 60% compared to seeds placed on soils collected between sagebrush plants or outside of the sagebrush population. Exposure to A. tridentata seeds and seedlings did not affect N. attenuata germination, suggesting that established sagebrush plants only influence the tobacco's seed bank. In the laboratory, exposure of seeds to sagebrush emissions resulted in germination delays of up to 6 d. Exposure to volatile and aqueous MeJA also inhibited germination of N. attenuata seeds at quantities that are released naturally by sagebrush: 3.5 g/hr and 1.12 g/seed cup (56 ng/seed), respectively. A. tridentata seeds were significantly more resistant to MeJA, being inhibited at 336 g MeJA (16.8 g/seed), 300 times greater than the level of aqueous MeJA required to inhibit N. attenuata seeds. MeJA inhibited N. attenuata germination regardless of the seed's dormancy state and the specific epimer (trans- or cis-) of MeJA. Germination on sagebrush chaff that had been heated to reduce MeJA content was negatively correlated with the amount of MeJA remaining in the chaff. Germination of a nondormant, conspecific tobacco, N. trigonophylla, which grows in the same area but is not associated with fire, is less sensitive than N. attenuata to the extracts of sagebrush litter, but similarly sensitive to MeJA. Additionally, four of five other tobacco species that are not known to be associated with sagebrush are less sensitive to MeJA, suggesting an evolved sensitivity to MeJA. To determine the proportion of germination inhibition of a sagebrush extract that could be attributed to MeJA, we serially diluted sagebrush extracts with water and restored the quantity of MeJA of the original extract by adding appropriate quantities of synthetic MeJA; 16–60% of the inhibitory activity of the original extract could be attributed to the MeJA. We conclude that MeJA release from sagebrush plays an allelopathic role for N. attenuata seed banks, but other unidentified compounds are also involved.