可见光下Cu2O/TiO2催化臭氧氧化头孢曲松钠性能研究

抗生素是治疗各种传染病的常用药物,但残留在水环境中的抗生素会对生态系统造成威胁。因此,探索去除水环境中抗生素的有效方法具有重要意义。由于光催化臭氧氧化技术可以高效降解和矿化水体中的污染物,该技术受到广泛关注。本工作通过浸渍-化学还原法制备Cu₂O/TiO₂复合材料并将其作为可见光催化臭氧氧化头孢曲松钠(CRO)的催化剂。利用X射线衍射仪(XRD)、傅里叶变换红外光谱仪(FT-IR)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、透射电子显微镜(TEM)、比表面积分析仪(BET)和紫外-可见漫反射光谱仪(UV-Vis DRS)对Cu₂O/TiO₂形貌结构和光学性能进行表征,考察了Cu₂O/TiO₂配比、Cu₂O/TiO₂投加量、臭氧浓度、头孢曲松钠初始浓度、溶液初始pH值等因素对可见光催化臭氧氧化头孢曲松钠的影响。结果表明,Cu₂O对TiO₂的掺杂改性使材料孔容和平均孔径增大,能带宽度减小,...     

Degradation and Mechanical Behavior of Fish Gelatin/Polycaprolactone AC Electrospun Nanofibrous Meshes

With the increasing interest in biopolymer nanofibers for diverse applications, the characterization of these materials in the physiological environment has become of equal interest and importance. This study performs first-time simulated body fluid (SBF) degradation and tensile mechanical analyses of blended fish gelatin (FGEL) and polycaprolactone (PCL) nanofibrous meshes prepared by a high-throughput free-surface alternating field electrospinning. The thermally crosslinked FGEL/PCL nanofibrous materials with 84–96% porosity and up to 60 wt% PCL fraction demonstrate mass retention up to 88.4% after 14 days in SBF. The trends in the PCL crystallinity and FGEL secondary structure modification during the SBF degradation are analyzed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Tensile tests of such porous, 0.1–2.2 mm thick FGEL/PCL nanofibrous meshes in SBF reveal the ultimate tensile strength, Young's modulus, and elongation at break within the ranges of 60–105 kPa, 0.3–1.6 MPa, and 20–70%, respectively, depending on the FGEL/PCL mass ratio. The results demonstrate that FGEL/PCL nanofibrous materials prepared from poorly miscible FGEL and PCL can be suitable for selected biomedical applications such as scaffolds for skin, cranial cruciate ligament, articular cartilage, or vascular tissue repair.     

微波辐射对不同介质均相壳聚糖的降解研究

在小同酸性介质中，采用微波辐射对壳聚糖进行均相降解反应，制备出不同分子量的壳聚糖。探讨反应介质、过氧化氢与壳聚糖配比、微波辐射功率和辐射时间对降解反应的影响。结果表明：选择不同的反应条件，微波辐射1～6min就可制备出相对分了量在1～10万之间不同分子量大小的壳聚糖，且反应产率高、重复性好。固定其他反应条件不变，在CH3COOH介质中，壳聚糖的降解速度最快，适合制备分了量为1～5万的水不溶性壳聚糖，产率在80％以上；在HCOOH介质中，降解速度最慢，适合制备分子量在5万以上的壳聚糖，产率在90％以上；在HCl介质中的降解速度则介于二者之间。     

Modelling biological efficacy decrease and rate of degradation of chlorpyrifos-methyl on wheat stored under controlled conditions

Insecticide residue degradation and pest survival were observed in wheat treated with a low dose of chlorpyrifos-methyl. Treated wheat was stored in small batches at three controlled temperatures and two levels of moisture content of grain, in equilibrium with r.h. in order to stabilise the water activity in the grain during a storage period of 126 d after insecticide application. Every 3 weeks, samples were taken from treated and untreated control grain in each storage condition. Chlorpyrifos-methyl residues declined regularly with time of storage and an exponential negative regression was fitted with high correlation coefficients in most situations of storage temperature and grain water activity (Aw). A multivariate model to show the respective influence of controlled variables involved in the model of residues breakdown (time, Aw, and temperature) was built up through a multiple regression. This model showed the respective importance of the water activity of grain kernels, temperature and formulation of chlorpyrifos-methyl and their combinations on the decline of residues. Simultaneously, the effectiveness of the residues was checked through bioassays with two target species: Sitophilus oryzae and Tribolium castaneum. Taking into account the intentionally low initial applied dose of chlorpyrifos-methyl, the period after application achieving complete kill of the two test insects was rather short and did not exceed 105 d for S. oryzae in the best conditions for control, i.e. low moisture content and temperature. For high Aw (0.8) and storage temperature 30°C, T. castaneum was effectively controlled (more than 95% kill) only on the day after the treatment, survival occurring at the next test date 21 d after the application. High moisture content and temperature and their interactions were the main variables influencing the decrease in the biological effectiveness with time. The concentration threshold for insect survival was slightly below 1 ppm chlorpyrifos-methyl and was influenced by storage and grain conditions. Implications of these findings on storage pest management practices and on the ability to predict the period of biological effectiveness of residues of chlorpyrifos-methyl are discussed.     

滩羊肉宰后成熟期间ATPase活力变化对微观结构及保水性的影响

为研究宰后成熟期间ATPase活力变化对滩羊肉微观结构以及保水性的影响,以6 月龄滩羊背最长肌（Longissimus dorsi）为研究对象,分析其4 ℃成熟0、1、2、4、8 d时Na＋-K＋-ATPase、Ca2＋-ATPase、Caspase-3活力以及肌肉微观结构、pH值与滴水损失率的变化情况。结果表明：随成熟时间延长,Na＋-K＋-ATPase与Ca2＋-ATPase活力先升高后降低,成熟1 d时达到最大值;Caspase-3活力先升高后降低,成熟2 d时达到最大值;滴水损失率先升高后降低,pH值先降低后有所回升;总蛋白、低盐溶性蛋白及高盐溶性蛋白质量浓度均逐渐减少,水溶性蛋白质量浓度成熟2 d后显著降低（P＜0.05）;成熟至8 d时,肌原纤维断裂,肌纤维之间、肌束之间、肌纤维及肌膜之间形成间隙,Z线断裂,H带消失;相关性分析结果表明Na＋-K＋-ATPase活力与各指标均呈极显著相关性（P＜0.01）,Ca2＋-ATPase活力与pH值、Na＋-K＋-ATPase及Caspase-3活力均呈极显著相关性（P＜0.01）。结论：滩羊肉宰后成熟过程中Na＋-K＋-ATPase与Ca2＋-ATPase活力变化可能促使下游Caspase-3激活,Caspase-3水解结构蛋白可能导致肌肉组织在不同部位形成间隙,在重力作用下肌肉中的水分流入间隙中,引起滩羊肉滴水损失升高,保水性变差。     

Purification, characterization, and steady-state kinetics of a meta-cleavage compound hydrolase from Pseudomonas fluorescens IPO1

2-Hydroxy-6-oxo-7-methylocta-2,4-dienoate (6-isopropyl-HODA) hydrolase (CumD), an enzyme of the cumene biodegradation pathway encoded by the cumD gene of Pseudomonas fluorescens IP01, was purified to homogeneity from an overexpressing Escherichia coli strain. SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and gel filtration demonstrated that it is a dimeric enzyme with a subunit molecular mass of 32 kDa. The pH optima for activity and stability were 8.0 and 7.0-9.0, respectively. The enzyme exhibited a biphasic Arrhenius plot of catalysis with two characteristic energies of activation with a break point at 20 degrees C. The enzyme has a K(m) of 7.3 microM and a k(cat) of 21 s(-1) for 6-isopropyl-HODA (150 mM phosphate, pH 7.5, 25 degrees C), and its substrate specificity covers larger C6 substituents compared with another monoalkylbenzene hydrolase, TodR Unlike TodF, CumD could slightly hydrolyze 2-hydroxy-6-oxo-6-phenylhexa-2,4-dienoate (6-phenyl-HODA). A mutant enzyme as to a putative active site residue, S103A, had 10(5)-fold lower activity than that of the wild-type enzyme.     

淀粉类酶降解鲜烟叶中淀粉的研究

为降低烤后烟叶中淀粉含量,研究了烘烤过程中外加淀粉类酶对淀粉降解的影响.结果表明,烘烤过程中,通过外加淀粉类酶来降解烤烟中的淀粉是有效的.烘烤变黄初期,不同外加淀粉类酶烟叶淀粉降解动态基本一致;变黄后期至定色前期,淀粉降解随外加酶量增加而加剧.烤后烟叶淀粉含量随外加酶量增加而减少,水溶性糖和还原糖含量随外加酶量增加而增加.方差分析表明,不同处理烤后烟叶之间淀粉含量存在极显著差异.多重比较结果表明,K326品种适宜的外加酶量为(6 60)U/g;HD品种适宜的外加酶量为(8 80)U/g.     

荔枝果皮总花色苷及降解指数的测定

本文研究了荔枝果皮总花色苷及其降解指数的含量测定。结果表明,当荔枝果皮发生褐变时,1％盐酸甲醇提取液花色苷及降解指数含量显著偏高。荔枝果皮总花色苷及花色苷降解指数可以很好地反映出提取液中花色苷的降解情况。     

A Simulation Model for Malt Enzyme Activities in Kilning

The drying and survival of enzyme activities during the kilning of malt were modelled. A set of experiments at the micro‐malting scale was carried out for model identification and validation. The dynamic models predict the effects of the kilning programme, i.e. the temperature profile on grain moisture, activities of β‐glucanase, α‐amylase and limit‐dextrinase, and diastatic power during kilning. The process behaviour was analysed by simulations. The predictions match the malting experience well. The models increase the general understanding of enzyme inactivation and can be used in planning the kilning programme.