Taste recognition threshold concentrations of styrene in oil-in-water emulsions and yoghurts

Taste recognition threshold concentrations (TRTC) of styrene were determined in samples of oil-in-water emulsions (30–300 g kg^?1 oil) and yoghurts (1–30 g kg^?1 fat), spiked with styrene. The observed TRTC increased linearly with increasing fat content and ranged from 0–3 to 2–1 mg kg^?1 for the emulsions and from 36 to 171 g kg^?1 for the yoghurts. Styrene equilibrium partition coefficients between emulsions and their respective vapour phases were determined. The concentrations of styrene in the continuous aqueous phase of the emulsions and yoghurts were calculated at the TRTC. The styrene concentrations in the continuous phase had constant values of about 15 g kg^?1 indicating that perception of styrene for oil-in–water emulsions is determined by the aqueous phase of the emulsion. The concentrations of styrene in the vapor phases above the emulsions and yoghurts were also calculated and were found to be constant at the TRTC. This relationship probably resulted from the equilibrium of distribution of styrene between the respective phases. Commercial yoghurt packed in polystyrene beakers contained styrene levels in the range 2–11 g kg^?1, much lower then the TRTC reported.     

双歧杆菌及其保健机理

本文从双歧杆菌产生有机酸、抑制肠道腐生菌生长出发,对其抗癌作用、对肝脏及人体代谢的保健作用、改善维生素代谢、防止便秘、提高免疫机能以及降低清血胆固醇作用等进行了较详细的论述,确认了双歧杆菌的优良保健性能。     

牛蒡复合益生菌酸奶发酵条件的优化

本研究以胡萝卜、牛蒡、山药等为原料,添加复合益生菌制备益生菌复合酸奶并对其发酵条件进行了优化。实验结果表明,胡萝卜、牛蒡、山药的添加质量分数分别为20%、15%和10%时,发酵温度在40℃时,时间在7 h条件下,发酵的复合益生菌酸奶品质最好。乳酸菌接种量为5%～6%时,复合益生菌酸奶的酸性约为80%,持水性约为70%;通过发酵温度和发酵时间的对比,证明复合益生菌酸奶最佳发酵条件为:接种量为5%,发酵时间为7 h,发酵温度为40℃。实验结果表明:所提发酵条件能够更好实现复合益生菌酸奶的发酵优化,且得到的酸奶发酵后质量最佳。     

Effect of dry heated inulin on selected intestinal bacteria

Degradation of a sample of high-molecular (degree of polymerisation, DP, between 13 and 30) and low-molecular (DP below 12) inulin from Jerusalem artichoke during dry heating for 30 min at 165 and 195 °C was analysed using high-performance anion-exchange chromatography with pulsed amperometric detection (HPAEC-PAD) and thin layer chromatography. Dry heating at 195 °C induced complete degradation of the fructan chains and the concomitant formation of low-molecular degradation products, most likely di-d-fructose dianhydrides. In vitro fermentation studies using mixed faecal samples of eight human volunteers for 24 h at 37 °C showed significant stimulation of the growth of bifidobacteria and Enterobacteriaceae and a significant decrease of possibly pathogenic bacteria of the Clostridium histolyticum and C. lituseburense group by inulin samples heated at 195 °C compared to unheated samples and samples heated at 165 °C. This preliminary data may point to the hypothesis that heat-treated inulin or its degradation products may cause improvements of the gut microflora superior to native inulin.     

罗地亚9001直投型发酵剂发酵特性研究

利用罗地亚90001直投型发酵剂来发酵酸奶，探讨了利用直投型发酵剂发酵的酸奶不能作为后续发酵剂进行酸奶生产的原因。在实验中首先利用直投型发酵剂发酵牛乳，然后依次利用各代次产物作为后续发酵剂生产酸奶，直至第6代牛乳不能再正常发酵为止。同时，对每代酸奶中嗜热链球菌和保加利亚乳杆菌进行计数，并观察嗜热链球菌和保加利亚乳杆菌比例上的变化。最后将第6代不能正常发酵酸奶中的嗜热链球菌和保加利亚乳杆菌分离并进行鉴定。将二者按1：1(数量比)的比例接种牛乳，发现牛乳能够正常发酵。结果表明。利用酸奶作为后续发酵剂的第6代牛乳不能正常发酵的原因是嗜热链球菌和保加利亚乳杆菌的数量比发生变化。而导致此情况发生的原因可能是由于低温下二者的生长速率不同。     

细菌纤维素酸奶发酵条件的研究

细菌纤维素是木醋杆菌经液态基质发酵而形成的细胞外纤维素，具有很强的亲水性、持水性、凝胶特性。将其添加到新鲜牛奶中进行乳酸茵发酵，采用正交实验设计确定乳酸菌的最佳发酵条件，研制出细菌纤维素酸奶。该细菌纤维素酸奶与普通酸奶相比,其口感和凝固状态均有很大改善。     

X-Gal在双歧杆菌分离与活菌计数方面的应用研究

利用大多教双歧杆菌具有半孔糖苷酶且活性较高的特性,在NPNL培养基中加入X-Cal(5-溴-4-氯-3-吲哚-β-D-半乳糖苷)作为底物,双歧杆菌水解底物释放出吲哚,产生颜色反应。双歧杆菌菌落呈深蓝色,乳酸菌和其它细菌一般为白色或淡蓝色。将X-Gal应用于不同样品中双歧杆菌分离和活菌计数进行对比。这种方法能比较准确的反映双歧制品和婴儿粪便中双歧杆菌的数量,并且大大减少了分离鉴别双歧杆菌的工作量。     

Protective effect of whey cheese matrix on probiotic strains exposed to simulated gastrointestinal conditions

A probiotic whey cheese added with Lactobacillus casei LAFTI®L26, Lactobacillus acidophilus LAFTI®L10 or Bifidobacterium animalis Bo was subject in vitro to sequential conditions that parallel the four major steps of digestion: mouth (artificial saliva), oesophagus-stomach (artificial gastric juice), duodenum (artificial intestinal juice) and ileum; its manufacture followed the traditional cheesemaking protocol of Portuguese Requeijão. MRS broth was inoculated in parallel as reference medium, to ascertain the protective effect of the whey cheese matrix itself upon those strains in every digestion step. Mouth conditions had an almost negligible effect upon all three strains, whereas oesophagus-stomach, duodenum and ileum conditions decreased the viable numbers of L. casei and L. acidophilus; in both systems, B. animalis suffered only slight decreases in viable numbers; and L. casei and L. acidophilus behaved likewise in MRS exposed to duodenum and ileum conditions. Whey cheese matrices thus appeared to protect the aforementioned three strains during transit throughout the simulated gastrointestinal system, so they are promising carriers of those probiotic bacteria.     

双菌种发酵苦荞麦酸乳饮料及成分的研究

以苦荞麦、奶粉、山药为主原料,辅以蔗糖、食盐和枣花蜜,应用保加利亚乳杆菌(Laclobacillusbulgoricus)和嗜热链球菌(Strepococcus thermophilus)发酵,生产苦荞麦酸乳饮料,并对其生产工艺进行了优化,以原料总质量为基础得出试验工艺技术参数为:苦荞麦、牛乳、山药的比例为1∶0.5∶0.2(W∶V∶W),蔗糖、食盐和枣花蜜的添加量分别为8%0、.01%、0.02%;接种量4%;CMC 0.12%;发酵温度(38±1)℃,发酵时间12 h。经检验,微生物学指标和理化指标均符合国家食品卫生规定标准(GB/T 21732—2008)。     

均匀设计法改良双歧杆菌大豆酸奶发酵工艺

采用变温发酵工艺提高利用乳酸菌系和双歧杆菌发酵大豆所制备的酸奶中的活菌数量。采用平行试验法确定大豆干粉和果葡糖浆的用量,利用计算机分析,考察程序变温和发酵时间对大豆酸奶活菌数的影响,并用均匀设计法,对发酵工艺进行优化,得到最佳工艺条件为大豆干粉5.3%,果葡糖浆4%,乳酸菌系(保加利亚乳杆菌∶嗜热链球菌=1∶1)接种量0.03%(以菌种干粉/总固形物计),双歧杆菌接种量0.15%(以菌种干粉/总固形物计),第1阶段发酵为温度42℃,发酵2.5 h,第2阶段为温度36℃,发酵3 h,终产品中活菌数达到6.5×106个/mL以上。