Effects of feeding hull-less barley on production performance,milk fatty acid composition,and nutrient digestibility of lactating dairy cows

The objectives of this study were to evaluate production performance, milk fatty acid composition, and nutrient digestibility in high-producing dairy cows consuming diets containing corn and hull-less barley (cultivar Amaze 10) in different proportions as the grain source. Eight primiparous and 16 multiparous Holstein cows were assigned to 1 of 4 diets in a replicated 4 × 4 Latin square design with 21-d periods. Cows were fed once daily (1200 h) by means of a Calan gate system (American Calan Inc., Northwood, NH). All diets contained ～20% grain (dry matter basis). Treatments consisted of 100% corn (0B), 67% corn and 33% hull-less barley (33B), 33% corn and 67% hull-less barley (67B), and 100% hull-less barley (100B) as the grain sources. Total-tract nutrient digestibility was estimated using lanthanum chloride (LaCl₃) as an external marker. Dry matter intake differed quadratically among treatments, being lowest for 67B and highest for 0B and 100B. Feeding hull-less barley did not affect milk yield, and milk fat concentration differed cubically among treatments. The cubic response was attributed to the higher milk fat concentration observed for the diet containing 67B. Neither the concentrations in milk of protein and lactose nor the yields of protein and lactose differed among treatments. The proportion of de novo synthesized fatty acids in milk did not differ among treatments. The apparent total-tract digestibility of dry matter, crude protein, and neutral detergent fiber did not differ among treatments. Although a quadratic effect was observed, starch digestibility was minimally affected by treatments. In conclusion, this study indicates that hull-less barley grain is as good as corn grain as an energy source when formulating diets for high-producing dairy cows.     

草莓汁发酵乳饮料的研制

研制了一种以发酵乳和草莓汁为主要原料加工调制成的发酵乳饮料,在确定饮料所含发酵乳量（添加量定为35%）的基础上,阐述了草莓汁发酵乳饮料的生产工艺和最佳配方.得出最佳工艺配方为：发酵乳35%、草莓汁15%、白砂糖10%、复合稳定剂0.6%、酸液0.2%、适量的香精（均为质量分数）.     

牛乳中主要过敏原组分的分离纯化及鉴定

目的:分离纯化并鉴定牛乳中引起过敏反应的主要致敏组分。方法:采用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳(SDS- PAGE)分析了脱脂乳和乳清的蛋白组分,用饱和硫酸铵分段盐析-DEAE离子交换柱层析纯化过敏原蛋白,脱脂乳和乳清蛋白皮下注射Balb/c小鼠获得高效价特异性IgE抗血清用于免疫印迹分析。结果:免疫印迹分析显示β-乳球蛋白(β-Lg)是引起牛乳过敏的主要过敏原,建立了牛乳过敏小鼠模型。结论:明确了牛乳过敏的主要过敏组分,对牛乳过敏症的诊断治疗以及无过敏原牛乳的制备提供了实验依据。     

发酵乳─最新研究动向

有关发酵乳的研究,目前主要集中于新产品的开发和健康特性的研究。在对近１０年有关文献研究的基础上,介绍了发酵乳的种类,益生菌,乳酸菌的培养、代谢特性、遗传和生物技术,发酵剂的制作,健康特性研究及乳酸菌的安全性等。     

The presence of endotoxin in powdered infant formula milk and the influence of endotoxin and Enterobacter sakazakii on bacterial translocation in the infant rat

Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is a heat stable endotoxin that persists during the processing of powdered infant formula milk (IFM). Upon ingestion it may increase the permeability of the neonatal intestinal epithelium and consequently bacterial translocation from the gut. To determine the level of endotoxin present in IFM, 75 samples were collected from seven countries (representing 31 brands) and analysed for endotoxin using the kinetic colorimetric Limulus amoebocyte lysate (LAL) assay. The endotoxin levels ranged from 40 to 5.5 x 10(4) endotoxin units (EU) per gram and did not correlate with the number of viable bacteria. The neonate rat model was used to address the risk of endotoxin-induced bacterial translocation from the gut. Purified Escherichia coli LPS was administered to rat pups followed by inoculation with Enterobacter sakazakii ATCC 12868. Bacteria were isolated from the mesentery, spleen, blood and cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) of endotoxin-treated rats due to enhanced gut and blood brain barrier penetration. Histological analysis of the colon showed marked distension of the mucosal and muscular layers. It is plausible that the risk of neonatal bacteraemia and endotoxemia, especially in neonates with immature innate immune systems, may be raised due to ingestion of IFM with high endotoxin levels.     

Antibiotic Resistance in Lactic Acid Bacteria and Micrococcaceae/Staphylococcaceae Isolates from Artisanal Raw Milk Cheeses, and Potential Implications on Cheese Making

ABSTRACT:  Antibiotic susceptibility against 19 antimicrobial agents was evaluated in isolates of the genera  Lactococcus  (46 isolates),  Leuconostoc  (22),  Lactobacillus  (19),  Staphylococcus  (8),  Enterococcus  (7), and  Microccoccus/Kocuria  (5) obtained from the predominant microflora of nonrecent and recent types of artisanal raw cow's milk cheeses. Beta-lactams showed broad activity against all genera, although leuconostocs and lactobacilli were highly resistant to oxacillin (80% to 95.5%). Resistance to aminoglycosides was frequent for lactococci and enterococci (particularly for streptomycin), whereas lower rates of resistance were detected for lactobacilli and leuconostocs. Technologically interesting traits for the food industry were distributed among isolates that showed different degrees of resistance to common antibiotics. However, isolates showing resistance to less than 2 antibiotics were mainly those with properties of greatest technological interest (acidifying activity, proteolytic/lipolytic activities, or diacetyl production).     

含有后生元和β-葡聚糖的乳饮料对小鼠免疫功能的影响

探讨含有后生元和酵母β-葡聚糖的一种乳饮料对小鼠免疫功能的影响.将BALB/c小鼠随机分为乳饮料干预组的低、中、高3个剂量组(1408、3520、8448mg/kg·bw),同时设置一个空白对照组.经口灌胃30 d后,分别进行脏器/体重比值测定、脾淋巴细胞转化实验、迟发型变态反应、抗体生成细胞检测、血清溶血素测定、碳廓...     

超高效液相色谱-同位素稀释质谱法测定配方奶粉中的泛酸

建立测定配方奶粉中泛酸的超高效液相色谱-同位素稀释质谱方法。样品经乙酸铵溶液提取、三氯甲烷除 蛋白后,进行超高效液相色谱-串联质谱分析,采用HSS T3液相色谱柱分离,以10 mmol/L乙酸铵溶液（含0.1%甲 酸）和乙腈为流动相进行梯度洗脱,多反应监测模式,内标法定量。结果表明：方法定量限为0.040 mg/100 g,线 性范围内低、中、高3 个标准添加水平的回收率为96.9%～104.3%,相对标准偏差为3.78%～5.04%。该方法操作过 程简单、分析周期短、灵敏度高、重复性好,适用于奶粉中泛酸的测定。     

植物乳杆菌发酵脱脂牛乳生成共轭亚油酸过程的研究

为提高发酵牛乳共轭亚油酸(CLA)含量,以植物乳杆菌(Lactobacillus plantarum LT2-6)发酵添加亚油酸的脱脂牛乳,并对其生成CLA的过程进行了研究。结果表明,接种后6h CLA开始生成,24h CLA生成量达到最高,再延长发酵时间后CLA生成量缓慢下降。接种3～12h,牛乳滴定酸度快速增加,12h后滴定酸度增加缓慢。发酵18h时CLA的生成速率最大;24h时,牛乳pH降到4.0,CLA生成基本停止。牛乳发酵过程中,pH下降是影响植物乳杆菌LT2-6转化LA生成CLA的主要因素。脱脂牛乳中加入LA,经植物乳杆菌LT2-6发酵、脂肪酸萃取和甲酯化,并用气相色谱检测,结果显示:生成的CLA主要为cis9、trans11/trans9和cis11-CLA。     

Short communication: Bovine α-casein is a ferritin-binding protein and inhibitory factor of milk ferritin immunoassay

Commercial bovine milk α-casein, but not β- and κ-caseins, bound to bovine spleen ferritin, as determined by an immunoassay for ferritin. In contrast, α-casein did not bind to apoferritin. The binding of α-casein to bovine spleen ferritin was strongly inhibited by increasing ionic strength by the addition of 0.5 M (NH₄)₂SO₄. The addition of α-casein to a known amount of bovine spleen ferritin resulted in significantly lower recovery (78-80%) of added ferritin, although β- and κ-caseins showed little inhibitory effect in the ferritin immunoassay. These results indicate that bovine α-casein is a specific ferritin-binding protein that may inhibit milk ferritin immunoassay.