Are major economies on track to achieve their pledges for 2020? An assessment of domestic climate and energy policies

Many of the major greenhouse gas emitting countries have planned and/or implemented domestic mitigation policies, such as carbon taxes, feed-in tariffs, or standards. This study analyses whether the most effective national climate and energy policies are sufficient to stay on track for meeting the emission reduction proposals (pledges) that countries made for 2020. The analysis shows that domestic policies of India, China and Russia are projected to lead to lower emission levels than the pledged levels. Australia's and the EU's nationally legally binding policy framework is likely to deliver their unconditional pledges, but not the conditional ones. The situation is rather unclear for Japan, South Korea, Brazil and Indonesia. We project that policies of Canada and the USA will reduce 2020 emission levels, but additional policies are probably needed to deliver their pledges in full. The analysis also shows that countries are implementing policies or targets in various areas to a varying degree: all major countries have set renewable energy targets; many have recently implemented efficiency standards for cars, and new emission trading systems are emerging.     

Assessment of the degree of reinforcement demand (DRD) for rock slope projects—principles and a case example application

The rational design of rock slope support is particularly important if the slope is steep, if safety is important, and if the design significantly affects project costs. Theoretically, slopes with stability factors smaller than 1.0 should be reinforced for maximum safety and efficiency. To optimize reinforcement design of a rock slope, an engineer should distinguish those locations needing critical, general, or even no reinforcement from other parts of the slope. The purpose of this paper is to present the concept of the degree of reinforcement demand (DRD) for rock slope projects and the quantitative procedures for the DRD assessment. The main influencing factors can be determined, classified and assigned based on knowledge from theoretical analyses, practical experiences and monitoring. To show variances in the DRD values with time and space, a rock slope to be assessed should be divided into a number of slope zones and the construction schedule into different periods. When geological conditions, mechanical properties of the rock mass, displacement measurements and/or construction have changed in a slope zone, the DRD value in this slope zone will increase or decrease. So for convenience in the DRD assessments, such changes in the main factors and measurements are analyzed via matrices. For example, the influencing factor matrix and the displacement ratio matrix, i.e. [A]_k and [E]_k, are, respectively, used to indicate possible modifications in the main factors and displacement measurements for all slope zones in the kth period. The DRD matrix, [R]_k, can be obtained by multiplying [A]_k and [E]_k, and those elements along the leading diagonal of the matrix [R]_k are the DRD values corresponding to different slope zones in the kth period. To demonstrate the feasibility of the DRD assessment, an application relating to the shiplock slope (including the lower-stream slope) of the Wuqiangxi hydropower station in China is described in this paper.     

On the degree of completeness of cryptographic functions

This paper discusses the degree of completeness of cryptographic functions, which is one of the cryptographic criteria should be considered in the design of stream ciphers. We establish the re- lationships between the degree of completeness and other cryptographic criteria. For resilient Boolean functions, a method to enhance the degree of completeness is proposed, while the nonlinearity and the algebraic degree do not decrease. Moreover, two constructions of resilient functions are provided, which have optimal degree of completeness, high nonlinearity, and high algebraic degree.     

双辽发电厂1号机静态稳定试验与研究

介绍了与双辽发电厂相连接的长春220kV城网的结构特点及运行中存在的问题,针对300MW机组的稳定问题,提出了一套计算静稳极限的方法,及防止双辽1号机失稳的调整控制措施。     

一种基于复杂网络的图像形状及纹理描述方法

文中提出了一种基于复杂网络的图像特征描述方法。将图像的关键点作为复杂网络节点,利用最小生成树分解法完成初始网络的动态演化过程,由不同演化阶段下的复杂网络特征实现对图像的形状描述;根据图像像素和周围邻域的距离与灰度的相似度,由不同的阈值生成度矩阵,统计不同阈值下网络节点的度分布,完成图像的纹理描述。实验证明,该算法具有较强的鲁棒性和旋转不变性,并且在分类实验中也有较好的表现。