Chemical composition and functional characterisation of commercial pumpkin seed oil

BACKGROUND: Pumpkin (Cucurbita pepo L.) seed oil is a common product in Slovenia, Hungary and Austria and is considered a preventive agent for various pathologies, particularly prostate diseases. These properties are related to its high content of carotenoids and liposoluble vitamins. In this study the carotenoid (lutein and zeaxanthin), vitamin E (α‐ and γ‐tocopherol) and fatty acid contents of 12 samples of commercial pumpkin seed oil were investigated together with the composition of the volatile fraction resulting from the roasting process. RESULTS: The aromatic profile obtained from the commercial samples was directly related to the intensity of the roasting process of the crushed pumpkin seeds. The roasting temperature played a crucial role in the concentrations of volatile substances originating from Strecker degradation, lipid peroxidation and Maillard reaction. CONCLUSION: The findings suggest that high‐temperature roasting leads to the production of an oil with intense aromatic characteristics, while mild conditions, generally employed to obtain an oil with professed therapeutic characteristics, lead to a product with minor characteristic pumpkin seed oil aroma. The nutraceutical properties of the product are confirmed by the high content of α‐ and γ‐tocopherol and carotenoids. © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry     

Grape seed proanthocyanidin extracts alleviate oxidative stress and ER stress in skeletal muscle of low‐dose streptozotocin‐ and high‐carbohydrate/high‐fat diet‐induced diabetic rats

Although ER stress in pancreas, liver, and adipose tissue was reported to be a novel event linked to the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes mellitus, there is much less information on this event in skeletal muscle. Some studies indicated that treatment with antioxidants had beneficial effects on ER stress and diabetes. This study focuses on the effects of a strong antioxidant, grape seed proanthocyanidin extracts (GSPE), on skeletal muscle in diabetic rats induced with low dose streptozotocin‐ and a high‐carbohydrate/high‐fat diet. After 16 wk of GSPE treatment, diabetic rats showed decreased plasma glucose levels and insulin resistance. The efficacious effect of GSPE was manifested by the amelioration of muscular damage and dysfunction, as observed by histological examination and periodic acid Schiff staining. Concurrently, calcium overload and the abnormal activities of antioxidant enzymes and ATPases in diabetic muscles were partially reversed by GSPE treatment. GSPE also increased the activity of protein kinase B (a mediator of insulin's metabolic action) and partially alleviated severe ER stress. These findings suggest that GSPE may have auxiliary therapeutic potential for type 2 diabetes mellitus by decreasing oxidative stress and ER stress in skeletal muscle.     

Physico-Chemical Characterization of Oils Extracted from Noni,Spinach, Lady’s Finger,Bitter Gourd and Mustard Seeds,and Copra

The physico-chemical properties of solvent-extracted oil from the seeds of noni (Morinda citrifolia L.), spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.), lady’s finger (Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench), bitter gourd (Momordica charantia L.), mustard (Brassica nigra (L.) Koch), and the dried kernel (copra) of coconut (Cocos nucifera L.) were characterized. Among these sources, spinach seed had the lowest oil content (4.5 ± 0.4%) while coconut kernel had the highest oil content (63.1 ± 2.8%). Palmitic, oleic, and linoleic acids were the major fatty acids for spinach, lady’s finger and noni seed oils, while erucic, eleostearic, and lauric acids were the major fatty acids for mustard seed oil, bitter gourd seed oil, and coconut kernel oil, respectively. All of the oils possessed at least three major peaks in their triacylglycerol profiles except for bitter gourd seed oil which had only one major peak (1-stearoyl, 2,3-dieleostearoyl). The last endothermic peaks were –12.4, –6.0, 6.8, 57.7, 2.7, and 24.3ºC for noni, spinach, lady’s finger, bitter gourd and mustard seed oils, and coconut oil, respectively. Initially, the solid fat content of bitter gourd seed oil decreased gradually, but became rapidly after 50 until 60ºC. Coconut oil had its solid fat content reduced rapidly around 14 to 28ºC.     

Determination of multi-class pesticide residue in dietary supplements from grape seed extracts by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to triple quadrupole mass spectrometry

A new method was developed and validated for the determination of multi-class pesticide residues in nutraceutical products obtained from grape seed extracts. The extraction procedure was based on QuEChERS methodology using ethyl acetate as solvent and a dispersive solid-phase extraction (dSPE) clean-up stage with C₁₈ was included to minimise matrix effects. Pesticides determination was achieved using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to triple quadrupole mass spectrometry (UHPLC-QqQ-MS/MS); total running time was 11 min. Pesticides were quantified using matrix-matched calibration. The developed method was validated in terms of matrix effect, linearity, selectivity, limits of detection and quantification, trueness, repeatability and inter-day precision at three concentration levels (10, 50, 100 µg kg^?1). Suitable recovery values were obtained for 76% of analysed pesticides at the lowest concentration (10 µg kg^?1). For most of the compounds, relative standard deviation values were lower than 20% and 25% for intra- and inter-day precision, respectively. Finally, 106 pesticides were determined, and the method was applied to seven dietary supplements from grape seed extract, obtaining various positive results for piperonyl butoxide, cyromazine and diniconazole at concentrations ranging from 2.0 to 13.4 µg kg^?1.     

几种抗氧化剂对棉籽油氧化稳定性的影响

利用Rancimat法研究3种天然抗氧化剂迷迭香提取物、茶多酚、维生素E(VE)及合成抗氧化剂特丁基对苯二酚(TBHQ)对棉籽油抗氧化性能的影响。通过在棉籽油样品中添加不同质量浓度的单一和复合配比的抗氧化剂,分别测定诱导时间并考察抗氧化效果。结果表明,在棉籽油中单一抗氧化剂的抗氧化性能依次为TBHQ>迷迭香>茶多酚>VE;在复合抗氧化剂组合中,迷迭香提取物与茶多酚以3:1进行复配时具良好的协同增效作用;当3种天然抗氧化剂与TBHQ进行复配时,其抗氧化效果优于同等质量浓度的单一天然抗氧化剂。      

发酵及新鲜葡萄籽与相关保健品中原花青素检测方法的比较

以发酵葡萄酒后的葡萄籽渣、市售新鲜葡萄籽、两种国内和7种澳大利亚市售的原花青素保健品为原料,用70%乙醇,料液比为1∶6,50℃提取2h。提取液分别采用硫酸香草醛法和福林-肖卡法测定其原花青素含量,对两种方法进行比较,并将所有样品进行了高效液相色谱测定。结果表明,新鲜葡萄籽中的原花青素含量明显高于发酵红葡萄酒后的葡萄籽,而发酵且蒸馏后的葡萄籽中原花青素含量高于发酵后未蒸馏的葡萄籽皮;高效液相色谱法为原花青素保健品的检测提供了一定依据。      

HPLC-TOF/MS测定茶籽粕中的茶皂素

本文利用高效液相色谱-电喷雾-飞行时间质谱（HPLC-ESI-TOF/MS）在负离子模式下成功检测了茶籽粕中提取的茶皂素。高效液相色谱分析茶皂素超纯品得到5个主要皂甙峰,出峰时间分别为4.01、19.52 、27.74、29.23 和34.01 min,各吸收峰峰形对称,茶皂素组分能够较好分离。不同浓度茶皂素的定量曲线表明5个峰的峰面积与茶皂素含量的线性回归方程相关系数r值均在0.99以上。ESI-TOF/MS质谱分析结果表明5个组分分别含有2-5种五环三萜类皂甙, 合计18种。该法有较高的精确性,可用于茶皂素的定性、定量分析。     

响应面法优化醇法提取茶皂素工艺研究

以无水乙醇为溶剂,对醇法提取脱脂油茶籽饼中茶皂素的工艺进行了研究.采用单因素实验考察了提取温度、提取时间、液固比对茶皂素得率的影响,并在此基础上采用响应面法对工艺条件进行了优化.结果表明最佳提取工艺条件为:提取温度77.0℃,提取时间1.5h,液固比5∶1.最佳条件下茶皂素得率为15.99％.     

超声-微波协同辅助萃取茶皂素

采用超声-微波协同辅助萃取脱脂油茶籽粕中的茶皂素.在单因素试验的基础上,固定超声波功率50 W,萃取次数2次,以乙醇体积分数、料液比、微波功率和萃取时间为影响因素,茶皂素得率为指标,正交试验进行优化,最终确定的茶皂素萃取工艺条件为:乙醇体积分数50％,料液比1∶10,微波功率600W,超声波功率50 W,萃取时间150 s,萃取次数2次.在此条件下,茶皂素得率为(17.43±0.13)％,纯度为67.12％.     

预处理工艺对水酶法提取核桃油的影响

以核桃仁为原料,采用水酶法提取核桃油,借助响应面法研究了预处理工艺对核桃油提取率的影响。通过单因素及响应面优化试验确定了预处理的最佳工艺条件为:热处理时间19min、热处理温度53℃、磨浆时间8min,在此条件下核桃油的提取率为54.83%。